Phases in the postwar German reception of the "Euthanasia Program" (1939-1945) involving the killing of the mentally disabled and its exploitation by neuroscientists

The killing of disabled patients with mental diseases during 1939-1945 is regarded as the precursor to the Holocaust. Although known at least since the Nuremberg Doctors Trial (1946-1947), the reception accorded these crimes against humanity varied (and evolved through time) depending on the parties: the old establishment, the younger generation, the different political interests, and the jurists, the theologians, the historians, the medical authorities. I attempt to distinguish five phases in the debate in light of the political background between 1945 until the present.     

Growth estimations in settlement planning using a land use cellular automata model (LUCAM)

This article describes the main features of a Land Use Cellular Automata Model (LUCAM) developed within the scope a Ph.D. thesis by using both physical and socio‐economic data and on the basis of the relationships between the smallest cellular function and other functions that vary according to the fractal structure of settlements. An assessment of the research findings is also included. The article has five sections: Following the introduction, the evolution of land use models, in particular Cellular Automata (CA) based land use models, is described. Then, the main features of LUCAM are presented, and the basics of the criteria used in determining the model parameters is described. The model developed, which can easily be used in computer environments, aims to minimize the calculation time in growth estimation processes, and thus become a widely used tool. In this article, the model was applied to the settlement of Bursa (Turkey), and the results obtained were assessed. The conclusion section offers general guidelines on the use of the model and discusses the advantages of employing the model in CA based studies that are likely to emerge in the future.     

Geodateninfrastrukturen in der Praxis

Geodateninfrastrukturen sollen den Zugang zu und die Nutzung von Geoinformationen besser und effektiver gestalten und dadurch den einen Markt für Geoinformationen etablieren, in dem sowohl Massendaten, wie auch spezielle Informationen im Sinne problemspezifischer Auskünfte nachgefragt und im Idealfall auch abgerechnet werden k?nnen. Auf verschiedenen Organisationsstufen und in unterschiedlichen fachlichen Zusammenh?ngen werden zur Zeit internetbasierte Geodateninfrastrukturen (GDI) aufgebaut. Sie orientieren sich an den internationalen Standards des Open GIS Consortium (OGC) und der Internationalen Standardisierungsorganisation (ISO). Eine wichtige Voraussetzung für das Gelingen der Initiativen ist, da? sie nicht nur Top-Down von staatlichen Instanzen eingerichtet und betrieben werden, sondern auch Elemente kooperierender Bottom-Up-Entwicklung enthalten und vor allem alle potentiellen Nutzer einer GDI, von Datenanbietern über -veredlern und Software-Herstellern bis hin zu Endkunden, einbeziehen. Der Beitrag stellt den aktuellen Stand der Entwicklung und wichtige aktuelle Beispiele in der Praxis dar.     

Cahill,Timothy C., An Annotated Bibliography of the Alamkāraśāstra

Indo-Iranian Journal -     

Who Is the Enemy? The Nationalist Dilemma of Inclusion and Exclusion in Britain During the First World War

The First World War polarised British society. The British 'nation' needed a definition of the external enemy to generate internal cohesion as much as the production of modern hostility presupposed the existence of nationalism. Apparently, hostility which is nationalistically motivated is of functional importance for the cohesion of a society in war. But the construction of the nation along the lines of the dialectic structure of exclusion and inclusion implies that even its founding act encourages national splits. The manner in which nationalism generates social cohesion by excluding non-members at the same time always turns it into the expression of and the reason for internal conflicts. First and foremost, however, it was the co-existence of a whole host of concepts of the nation competing with each other for supremacy which turned nationalism into a disintegrative power in society. The co-existing national concepts by and large reflected the political factions and camps in the belligerent society. This article tries to outline the various ways in which the borderlines between the internal and the external enemy, between the hostile part of one's own society and a hostile foreign society converged under the circumstances of the exceptional burden of the First World War. At the end the hostility which was motivated and legitimised nationalistically both split and integrated British society.