The Chromatic Traveling-Salesmen Problem and Its Application to Planning and Structuring Geographic Space

The classical traveling-salesman problem involves the establishment of a tour around a set of points in a plane such that each point is intersected only once and the circuit is of minimal total length. When the length of a salesman's tour cannot exceed a specified constant, the problem becomes that of finding the fewest number of salesmen such that every city is visited by a salesman and the length of each salesman's tour does not exceed a specified constant. This is the chromatic traveling-salesmen problem. An algorithm for this problem is developed and is used to create periodic markets in parts of Sierra Leone. Fifteen rural areas were examined from Sierra Leone, and weekly market places were identified in each area. Salesmen were to be assigned to an area so that each market place was visited and each tour (or periodic ring) did not exceed forty hours. The chromatic traveling-salesmen algorithm was used to minimize the number of periodic rings needed for each area and provide the specific tour for each ring.     

In the Canine Archives of Sex: Radclyffe Hall,Una Troubridge and their Dogs

How does attention to dogs open up understanding of the queer, and more specifically, the Sapphic, past? This article examines the forgotten enmeshments of lesbian and pedigree dog subcultures in 1920s England. It takes as its case study one of the best-known couples of Sapphic modernity, Radclyffe Hall and Una Troubridge, and their dachshunds, Wotan and Thorgils. Bringing into dialogue scholarship on queer, trans and animal history, it traces the historical footprint of the dogs and considers how what this article calls the ‘canine archive of sex’ – a wide range of documents including show catalogues, newspaper reports, fiction and scientific writing – adds to understanding of the complexities of modern Sapphic history. Sapphic here is used to denote relationships between people assigned female at birth, some of whom may have transed gender norms and expectations. The article argues that the records of Hall's and Troubridge's involvement in the world of dog breeding expand understanding both of Sapphic modernity specifically and the intersections between histories of sexuality and gender and animal history more broadly. They reveal how gender norms, class privilege and racialised practices converged in modern pedigree culture, shaping canine–human relationships as well as the queer subcultures that formed around them.     

THE ORCHARD INDUSTRY'S RESPONSE TO LOW-TEMPERATURE INJURY IN THE OKANAGAN VALLEY

Low-temperature injury in both winter and spring has been a problem for the Okanagan orchard industry since its beginning. The nature and history of low-temperature injury are described, and the response of the orchard industry is assessed. Three types of coping mechanisms are discussed: modifying the hazard, modifying the loss potential, and adjusting to the loss. Although or chardists are aware of the low-temperature hazard, they do not feel strongly threatened by it and believe that they have modified the hazard and loss potential to a point where they can, with institutional assistance, adjust to the level of losses they experience.     

Book review

R.K.I. Quested, Sino‐Russian Relations: A Short History. George Allen & Unjvin, Sydney, 1984, pp. 194. $22.95 (cloth), $10.95 (paper).

Jonathan Steele, The Limits of Soviet Power: The Kremlin's Foreign Policy — Brezhnev to Chernenko. Revised and updated edition. Penguin Books Australia, Ringwood, Vic., 1984, pp. xii + 290. $8.95.

Joseph L. Nogee and Robert H. Donaldson, Soviet Foreign Policy Since World War II. Second edition. Pergamon Press, New York, 1984, pp. vii + 352. No price given.

Jiri Hochman, The Soviet Union and the Failure of Collective Security, 1934–1938. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1984, pp. 253. $74.95.

Robert V. Daniels, Russia: The Roots of Confrontation. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1985, pp. xiii + 411. No price given.

Wolf Mendl, Western Europe and Japan Between The Superpowers. Croom Helm, London and Sydney, 1984, pp. 181. $31.95.

G. Flynn and H. Rattinger, The Public and Atlantic Defense. Rowman and Allanheld, and Croom Helm, London, 1985, pp. xviii + 398. No price given.

The United Nations Library and the Graduate Institute of International Studies, The League of Nations in Retrospect. Walter de Gryter, Berlin, 1983, pp. xii + 427. $74.70.

T.B. Millar with Robin Ward (eds), Current International Treaties, Croom Helm, London and Sydney, 1984, pp. 558. $59.95.

Susan Strange (ed.), Paths to International Political Economy. George Allen Unwin, London, 1985, pp.xi + 209. $45.00 (cloth), $17.95 (paper).

Andrew J. Pierre (ed.), Europe‐America: vol 2, Unemployment and Growth in the Western Economies. Council on Foreign Relations, New York, 1984, pp x + 142. $US5.95.

D.K. Forbes and P.J. Rimmer (eds), Uneven Development and the Geographical Transfer of Value. Human Geography Monograph 16, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, 1984, pp. xiii + 297. $12.00.

B.A. Santamaria, Daniel Mannix, The Quality of Leadership. Melbourne University Press, 1984, xi + 272, $27.50.

Stuart Harris (ed.), Australia's Antarctic Policy Options. CRES Mongraph 11. Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, 1984, pp.xxi + 412. $15.95.

Ramesh Thakur, In Defence of New Zealand: Foreign Policy Choices in a Nuclear Age. Pamphlet No. 46, New Zealand Institute of International Affairs, Wellington, 1984, pp.164. $NZ9.95.

Paul G. Lewis (ed.), Eastern Europe: Political Crisis and Legitimation. Croom Helm, London and Sydney, 1984, pp. 202. $33.95.

George Sanford, Polish Communism in Crisis. Croom Helm, London and Canberra; St Martin's Press, New York, 1983, pp. 249. $27.50.

Eva Kolinsky, Parties, Opposition and Society in West Germany. Croom Helm, London and Sydney, 1984, pp. 357, $37.95.

Romuld J. Misiunas and Rein Taagepera, The Baltic States: Years of Dependence, 1940–1980. C. Hurst, London, 1983, pp. xvi + 333. $29.95.

Anthony Hyman, Afghanistan Under Soviet Domination, 1964–83. Second Edition. McMillan, London, 1984, pp. 247. $18.95.

David Hirst, The Gun and the Olive Branch. Second edition. Faber and Faber, London and Boston, 1984, pp. 475. $29.95.

Ritchie Ovendale, The Origins of the Arab‐Israeli Wars. Longman, New York, 1984, pp. v + 232. $16.70.

Juliana Peck, The Reagan Administration and the Palestinian Question: The First Thousand Days. Institute for Palestine Studies, Washington, 1984, pp xi + 138. $US7.00.

Institute for Palestine Studies, The Karp Report (an Israeli Government Inquiry into Settler Violence against Palestinians on the West Bank). Institute for Palestine Studies, Washington, 1984, pp. 90. $US3.95.

Mohamed Heikal, Autumn of Fury. Deutsch, London, 1983, pp. 290. $19.95.

Anthony Payne, The International Crisis in the Caribbean. Croom Helm, London and Canberra, 1984, pp. 177. $29.95.

Anthony Payne, Paul Sutton and Tony Thorndike, Grenada: Revolution and Invasion. Croom Helm, London and Sydney, 1984, pp. 233. $35.95.

Ian Hancock, White Liberals, Moderates and Radicals in Rhodesia 1953–1980, Croom Helm, London and Sydney; St Martin's Press, New York 1984, pp. 230. $31.95.

A.J.Christopher, Colonial Africa. Croom Helm, London and Canberra; Barnes & Noble Books, New Jersey, 1984, pp. 232. $39.95.

T.B. Millar. South African Dilemmas. Canberra Studies in World Affairs No. 17. Department of International Relations, Australian National University, Canberra, 1983, pp. 82 $7.00.

J.K. Cilliers, Counter‐Insurgency in Rhodesia. Croom Helm, London, 1985, pp. 266. $33.95.

R.J. May and Francisco Nemenzo (eds), The Philippines After Marcos. Croom Helm, London and Sydney, 1985, pp. 239. $35.95.

F. Poole and M. Vanzi, Revolution in the Philippines: the United States in a Hall of Cracked Mirrors. McGraw‐Hill, New York, 1984, pp. 357. $US18.95.

Community Aid Aboard, The Third World War. The Philippines Front. Community Aid Abroad, Melbourne, 1984, pp. 51, plus Study Guide (pp. 24). $5.00, $2.00.

A.W. McCoy, Priests on Trial, Penguin Books Australia, Ring‐wood, Vic., 1984, pp. xii + 239. $6.95.

David K. Wyatt, Thailand — A Short History. Yale University Press, New Haven, 1984, pp. xviii + 350. $US27.50.

Leslie Russell Oates, Populist Nationalism in Prewar Japan: A Biography of Nakano Seigo. George Allen & Unwin Australia, Sydney, 1985, pp. 135. $14.95.

Robert W. Barnett, Beyond War. Japan's Concept of Comprehensive National Security. Pergamon‐Brassey's International Defence Publishers, Washington, 1984, pp. xv + 155. $21.00 (cloth), $14.00 (paper).

Stephen D. Cohen, Uneady Partnership: Competition and Conflict in U.S.‐Japanese Trade Relations. Ballinger Publishing, Cambridge, Mass., 1985, pp xvi + 228, $67.00.     

THE OPTIMAL LOCATIONS OF MULTIPLE BRIDGES,CONNECTING FACILITIES,OR PRODUCT VARIETIES*

ABSTRACT This paper considers the optimal locations of two or more facilities, and the optimal number of facilities, when trips are made in pairs. The results are the same as standard models of spatial competition when there is perfect matching, but not when there is random matching. The first interpretation is bridges across a river, with residential locations on one side matched perfectly or randomly to jobs on the other side. The second interpretation is connecting facilities, such as tennis courts or restaurants where pairs of consumers meet. The third interpretation is product differentiation, with husbands and wives jointly choosing from among varieties.