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Jennifer M. Miller Elizabeth A. Sawchuk Amy L. R. Reedman Pamela R. Willoughby 《African Archaeological Review》2018,35(3):347-378
Shell beads are well established in the archaeological record of sub-Saharan Africa and appear as early as 75,000 BP; however, most research has focused on ostrich eggshell (OES) and various marine mollusc species. Beads made from various land snails shells (LSS), frequently described as Achatina, also appear to be widespread. Yet tracking their appearance and distribution is difficult because LSS beads are often intentionally or unintentionally lumped with OES beads, there are no directly dated examples, and bead reporting in general is highly variable in the archaeological literature. Nevertheless, Achatina and other potential cases of LSS beads are present at over 80 archaeological sites in at least eight countries, spanning the early Holocene to recent past. Here, we collate published cases and report on several more. We also present a new case from Magubike Rockshelter in southern Tanzania with the first directly dated LSS beads, which we use to illustrate methods for identifying LSS as a raw material. Despite the long history of OES bead production on the continent and the abundance of land snails available throughout the Pleistocene, LSS beads appear only in the late Holocene and are almost exclusively found in Iron Age contexts. We consider possible explanations for the late adoption of land snails as a raw material for beadmaking within the larger context of environmental, economic, and social processes in Holocene Africa. By highlighting the existence of these artifacts, we hope to facilitate more in-depth research on the timing, production, and distribution of LSS beads in African prehistory. 相似文献
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Rachel Ama Asaa Engmann 《African Archaeological Review》2018,35(3):379-391
Professor James Kwesi Anquandah was Ghana’s first archaeologist. He was also the first Ghanaian to become head of the Archaeology Department at the University of Ghana, which was the first archaeology department in sub-Saharan Africa, established in 1951. Dedicating his life to Ghanaian archaeology, particularly during the difficult years in Ghana in the 1980s and early 1990s, Anquandah had a significant impact on the development of archaeology in Ghana. In addition to his research, advisory and curatorial work, Professor Anquandah was instrumental in the training of three generations of Ghanaian archaeologists. During the course of a professional career that spanned nearly six decades, Professor Anquandah made archaeology relevant and accessible to all Ghanaians. 相似文献
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Yaroslav V. Kuzmin 《Journal of Archaeological Research》2008,16(2):163-221
This article focuses on the presence of humans in Siberia and the Russian Far East at the coldest time of the Late Pleistocene,
called the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and dated to c. 20,000–18,000 rcbp. Reconstruction of the LGM environment of Siberia,
based on the latest models and compilations, provides a background for human existence in this region. Most of Siberia and
the Russian Far East at c. 20,000–18,000 rcbp was covered by tundra and cool steppe, with some forest formations in the river
valleys. Climate was much colder and drier than it is today. Eighteen Upper Paleolithic sites in Siberia are radiocarbon dated
strictly to the LGM, and at least six of them, located in southern parts of western and eastern Siberia and the Russian Far
East, have solid evidence of occupation during that time span. It seems clear that southern Siberia was populated by humans
even at the height of the LGM, and that there was no dramatic decline or complete disappearance of humans in Siberia at that
time. The degree of human adaptation to periglacial landscapes in the mid-Upper Paleolithic of northern Eurasia was quite
high; humans coped with the cold and dry environmental conditions using microblade technology, artificial shelters, tailored
clothes, and megafaunal bones as fuel.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
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Valentine Roux 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2007,14(2):153-178
Ethnoarchaeology appears nowadays as a poorly formulated field. However, it could become a real science of reference for interpreting
the past if it was focused upon well-founded cross-cultural correlates, linking material culture with static and dynamic phenomena.
For this purpose, such correlates have to be studied in terms of explanatory mechanisms. Cross-cultural correlates correspond
to those regularities where explanatory mechanisms invoke universals. These universals can be studied by reference to the
theories found in the different disciplines they relate to and which are situated outside of the domain of archaeology. In
the domain of technology, cross-cultural correlates cover a wide range of static and dynamic phenomena. They allow the archaeologist
to interpret archaeological facts—for which there is not necessarily analogue—in terms of local historical scenario as well
as cultural evolution. In this respect, it is shown that ethnoarchaeology, when following appropriate methodologies and focussing
on the universals that underlie the diversity of archaeological facts, does provide the reference data needed to climb up
in the pyramid of inferences that make up our interpretative constructs. 相似文献
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Richard Pearson 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2007,11(2):122-151
In this paper I examine the development of a particular kind of grey stoneware called kamuiyaki which was produced and traded
within the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan, in the eleventh to fourteenth centuries. The wares themselves, their chronology,
and archaeological context are discussed. The kilns represent the first enterprise in the islands in which a commodity was
made for exchange on a substantial scale. The establishment of the kilns in a remote area, with technological borrowing from
both Japan and Korea, reflects social and economic trends of the beginning of the Medieval Period in Japan. Greyware production,
circulation, and consumption, reconstructed from recent excavations, shows a political economy capable of fostering the development
of small states on the island of Okinawa in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. 相似文献
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