Chemical and mineralogical characterization of Aguada Portezuelo pottery from Catamarca,north-western Argentina: PIXE,XRD and SEM-EDS studies applied to surface pre- and post-firing paints,slips and pastes

Particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron microprobe analysis (EDS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analytical techniques were used to characterize surface paints in pre- and post-fired Aguada Portezuelo decorated pottery. Surface paintings in black, white, red, brown, burgundy and ochre were analysed. Major, minor and trace elements were detected by PIXE, whereas XRD and SEM-EDS gave information on the main mineral phases and the characteristic morphology for each analysed pigment. The results obtained indicate that the main colour groups can be easily discriminated by PIXE, and they are characterized by only one pigment for each colour: hematite (red) and manganese mineral oxides (black), respectively, whereas white pigments are characterized by calcite, ghelenite and gypsum.     

First Evidence Of The Use Of Freshwater Pearls As A Cosmetic In Ancient China: Analysis Of White Makeup Powder From A Northern Song Dynasty Lv Tomb (Lantian,Shaanxi Province,China)

The Lv family tombs in Lantian, Shaanxi Province are one of the most important archaeological sites of China in recent years, providing numerous objects and a wealth of information for the study of the history of the Northern Song dynasty. There were a large number of exquisite cultural relics unearthed from the tombs, including one porcelain box containing white powder, which was identified as women's makeup. The phase composition, microstructure, thermal properties and characteristics of the trace elements in the unearthed white cosmetic powder were comprehensively analysed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry – thermogravimetry (DSC–TG), Fourier transform infrared (FT–IR) microscopy and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP–AES). The white makeup powder was determined to be a product made from high‐quality freshwater pearls. These results, for the first time, showed evidence that freshwater pearl powder was used as a cosmetic in ancient China using archaeological objects, providing scientific evidence and new clues to enrich and expand research into the ancient Chinese cosmetic materials.     

Isotopic Composition of Lead in Copper Ores and a Copper Artefact from the La Profunda Mine (León,Spain)

This paper continues the characterization of the lead isotopic fingerprint of ancient copper mines in the north‐west of Spain. In this work, the lead isotopic compositions found in copper ores from the La Profunda mine are presented. Azurites and malachites sampled from this deposit were subjected to lead isotope analysis by multicollector ICP–MS. The results showed a clear radiogenic lead signature compatible with the presence of uranium‐rich minerals (such as zeunerite) in the same mining complex. Moreover, a rare copper artefact, found in the galleries of the mine during its modern exploitation, was also analysed and showed that local mineral was used for its manufacturing.     

四种鲜为人知的专志与明清以来的洪洞问题研究

山西洪洞大槐树是无数人心目中故乡的象征,相关研究成果层出不穷。在传统的研究思路下,洪洞大槐树移民作为明初历史上的大事件确立了在中国移民史上的重要地位。作者利用志书等文献史料对传统研究思路提出疑问,从洪洞内部探讨其成为故乡象征的深层内涵,认为大槐树移民传说是晚清到民国一个重塑汉族正统性的民间做法,是士绅阶层彰显洪洞历史的一次成功实践。本文在社会史研究的视角下,对洪洞问题给予一个全新的解读。     

日本侵华对中国现代化建设的破坏——以上海闸北为例

在一二八、八一三事变中,上海两次惨遭日军炮火蹂躏,尤其是闸北的繁华地带东北、西南两处,先后因日军轰炸使三十年的建设成就荡然无存。日本的侵华战争不但中断了闸北的现代化建设,还直接导致了该地区的长期沉沦。     

20世纪50年代中国在引进基础上的技术创新

20世纪50年代中国的技术引进和技术创新活动集中在“一五”时期和“大跃进”时期,虽然这两个时期在引进基础上的创新活动都是在重工业优先发展战略下的体制框架内进行的,但在引进技术的行业构成、规模、项目建设的实施和技术的消化乃至技术创新机制、成效等方面都有所不同。“一五”时期采用了全面、系统、灵活多样的方式和重点攻关,在消化、吸收引进技术方面取得了明显的成效,某些领域实现了技术再造,技术创新能力得到了迅速积累,但从总体上看仍处于对引进技术的翻版、修改阶段。“大跃进”时期的技术创新机制被严重干扰,群众运动代替了深入细致的科学研究,在群众性技术革新运动中引进基础上的创新活动格外活跃,通过技术革新运动学会了自行制造一些成套设备、生产工艺,但并没有从产业部门或行业整体上真正实现引进基础上的再次创新,其整体水平依然停留在对引进技术的“初级模仿”阶段。     

The Study of Chinese Historiography from the Perspective of Intellectual History

To promote historical research today, one needs to create a vigorous environment for historiographic criticism, to summarize the progress and state of all fields and topics of history, and to enhance the study of historiography. All these three aspects, which share similar characteristics, can be called “historiography.” Their essence is the basic method for deepening the study of historiography as a whole and refining its branches from the perspective of intellectual history. They can help us to form a healthy scholarly mechanism to review historical achievements, which would be crucial to the development of academic research. Translated from Nankai Journal (Philosophy, Literature and Social Science Edition), No. 2, 2004     

从卜辞看洹北商城一号宫殿的性质

将卜辞中有关宗庙的祭祀活动和祭祀场所资料与洹北商城一号宫殿基址的祭祀遗存相对照,内涵基本相合,从而证明洹北商城一号宫殿为商王的宗庙.     

从地方志看明清广东的水权纷争及其解决

传统观点认为,和谐无讼是中国传统法律的价值目标。但地方志中关于明清广东水权纷争的记载表明,当地普通民众的维权要求相当强烈,“健讼”成为基层社会的重要特征。根据地方志资料研究明清广东水权纠纷的解决情况,有助于我们接近历史真相,为当代修志工作提供更为真实的资料。     

唐卡艺术品产业化发展对策

当今世界,开发独具特色的民族文化资源,打造民族文化品牌,已成为人们的共识。文章通过对唐卡的历史内涵、文化价值、商业前景的研究,提出应采取有效措施,提高唐卡艺术品的社会化、产业化和市场化水平。从而使其成为青海独具魅力的旅游产品。