Ancient DNA analysis of desiccated wheat grains excavated from a Bronze Age cemetery in Xinjiang

Wheat has been one of the most important crop in Eurasia since the Neolithic period. Understanding the spread of wheat cultivation is crucial to understanding the spread of agriculture as a whole and the interactions between prehistoric populations across the Eurasian continent. However, the routes by which wheat cultivation spread eastwards have been poorly understood to date, due to the scarcity of plant remains recovered from archaeological sites. Desiccated wheat grains excavated from the Xiaohe cemetery in Xinjiang, and dated to the early Bronze Age, show excellent DNA preservation. Here we present an ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis of wheat (Triticum sp.) grains excavated from Xiaohe and provide the first definitive evidence for bread wheat in China during the Bronze Age. The nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2) and the intergenic spacer region (IGS) were amplified. The IGS region within the D genome of wheat has a 71 bp insertion that is absent from corresponding regions in the A and B genomes. The results showed that the Xiaohe wheat showed most sequence similarity to hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), including the characteristic insertion into the D genome. The presence of bread wheat at the Xiaohe cemetery is discussed in relation to it having spread into Xinjiang by the Bronze Age, providing new insight into the origins of bread wheat in East Asia.     

Dietary adaptation during the Longshan period in China: stable isotope analyses at Liangchengzhen (southeastern Shandong)

Rice and millet were staple crops at Liangchengzhen, a late Neolithic Longshan site in Shandong, China, but the degree of dietary variation is not known. This study uses stable isotope analysis of human and faunal skeletal remains to quantitatively address the importance of these crops as well as terrestrial domesticates and aquatic resources in the diet at Liangchengzhen. Although no collagen could be extracted from the poorly preserved human bones, the δ¹³C stable isotope results for 2 apatite sample and 16 tooth enamel samples averaged −9.8‰ suggesting that diet was based on foods averaging from −24‰ to −18‰, with millet and millet-fed animals comprising at most approximately 25–30% of the diet. Pig faunal δ¹³C isotope values suggested that during the earlier Longshan period pigs were fed mainly millet with more C₃ foods such as rice included by the later Longshan period. Solid ceramic residues from two guan jar sherds produced δ¹³C values averaging −18‰ and δ¹⁵N values averaging +16‰, suggesting both vessels contained fish. The results of the study indicate that by the Longshan period, people in southeastern Shandong no longer relied as heavily on millet and that the agricultural crop of rice had increased in importance at Liangchengzhen. Unfortunately, without human collagen samples to provide nitrogen isotope results, we cannot estimate the relative contribution of aquatic and terrestrial protein to the diet of people at Liangchengzhen. In general, however, the pattern of a diverse agricultural system on the basis of the macrobotanical remains from Liangchengzhen is supported by the isotopic results.     

白蚁对古代建筑的危害及防治方法研究现状

白蚁是一种古老的害虫,给国民经济带来巨大的损失,也严重危害原址保护的木质文物。本文综述了近年来国内外原址保护木质文物遭受白蚁侵害的情况以及灭治方法。其中,以昆虫生长调节剂(IGRs)为毒饵,采用监测-毒杀-再监测的方法杀灭白蚁低毒高效,对文物损害最小。另外,以寄生虫、细菌、病毒等生物感染白蚁,或采用植物及其提取物灭杀白蚁,是有待探索的灭蚁新途径。     

Knowledge That Matters: Identifying Regional Knowledge Assets of the Tampere Region

The existing literature considers knowledge as one of the key drivers of regional development. The idiosyncratic nature of regional knowledge is also acknowledged: each region possesses its unique knowledge assets which serve as the basis of value creation. However, what is currently not well-known is how the region-specific knowledge assets can be identified, for example, in order to manage and develop them. Thus this paper aims first to explore how the relevant knowledge assets can be identified for a given region, and, second, to describe what the context-specific knowledge assets are. These objectives are pursued using a qualitative case approach. As a case region, this study focuses on the Tampere Region in Finland. The study makes a contribution by providing a new insight regarding the contextual identification of regional knowledge assets and by illustrating the key knowledge assets of the case region. These insights are considered valuable for the regional actors responsible for carrying out similar initiatives in their respective regions.     

换流站内水冷系统CPK系列主循环泵常见故障分析

主循环泵是直流换流站内水冷系统中重要的旋转设备,是内水冷系统中的“心脏”部件,其安全稳定运行,对于冷却可控硅阀及其组件,保持换流阀在稳定温度区间正常工作,防止换流站事故的发生极为重要.本文对换流站CPK系列主循环泵内部结构和工作原理进行了深入分析,对机械密封部件的结构进行了剖析,并对主循环泵及电机运行过程中存在的噪音、漏水、渗油等故障进行了原因分析并提出运维建议,可供换流站主循环泵运维和故障处理参考.     

元大都内部河湖水系的空间分布特点

元大都内部的河湖水系基本上归为两大系统:一是以白浮泉为源头的高粱河-积水潭水系,一是以玉泉山泉水为源头的金水河-太液池水系。两套水系在城市中发挥了不同的功能,并与元大都的礼制原则相融合,共同构成了这座独具特色的东方山水城市。本文在侯仁之的工作基础上,对元大都内部的河湖水系做了进一步的系统研究,较为准确地复原了元大都城内积水潭水系的结构和分布范围;根据各种历史文献记载、结合地形分析,对金水河的位置和走向提出了新的见解,并对元大都水系结构与城市形态的关系进行了探讨。     

骆驼墩文化遗存与太湖西部史前文化(下)

2011年10月28～30日",骆驼墩文化论坛——骆驼墩文化遗存与太湖西部史前文化"学术研讨会在宜兴召开。会议围绕"骆驼墩文化命名"问题展开讨论,对骆驼墩遗址的发现,骆驼墩文化遗存的性质及内涵、学术意义、价值定位、文化交流、保护利用进行了界定,提出建议;并就考古学文化的命名、划分及其标准,考古学文化的谱系研究,考古学文化研究的方法和途径等问题进行了研讨。     

Singing Soundly with Gratitude

Before seeing Asgen I had imagined a girl who has been on the stage of various parties on CCTV(China Central Television)many times for such a young age.She might have the air of a star but when I saw her the first time,my former suspicions all vanished right away.Before me,was a Tibetan girl who is so pretty,nice and easy going. When Asgen did the interview with me,the sunshine shone through the window and it was warm and peaceful in the room.As she spoke to me, her eyes were attentive and her voice seemed to penetrate one’s heart with enchantment.     

略谈志书记述用语的规范化

现代信息社会,读志用志范围变得十分广阔,地方志书作为一地的地情资料文献,其使用要面对不同地域、国籍,也要利于传之后世。志书记述事物用语必须规范,要纠正不确切的事物记述;完整记述具有时代特色的事物,少使用简称;规范某些反映地方特色的事物俗称。