取士与取官:以筹办洋务时期同文馆学生奖励为例

科举取士为清代士子入仕正途,筹办洋务时期,近代学堂开始兴起,科举取士逐渐为学堂取士所取代.近代学堂取士仿中国传统学校例而加以变通,具有取士与取官混而为一的特点.筹办洋务时期新式学堂初创时取士章程规定与实际运作的探索,影响了随后新式学堂的发展乃至新政时期学堂奖励规制的最终制定.     

由平陵建制谈西汉帝陵制度的几个问题

2001年,咸阳市文物考古研究所对西汉昭帝平陵进行了大规模的钻探和调查,有一些新的发现和收获。本文主要以平陵的钻探调查成果并且结合其他西汉帝陵的最新发现谈一些想法和观点,望诸位大家斧正。     

八路军在太原失守前的抗日应为正面战场作战——兼与刘庭华先生等商榷

太原会战由平型关、忻口、娘子关作战组成。八路军参加了太原会战的全部作战并参与了会战的组织指挥。作战中八路军与国民党军队混合编组,共同战斗,同处于一个战场,是"战场作战的配合",即战场正面作战的配合。八路军的作战是以正规军在战场侧面与敌之背后进行的游击战和运动战。这个时候与正面战场所对应的敌后战场产生所需要的条件还不具备。这就是"敌人占地甚广"还没有产生,敌后战场所依赖生存的根据地还没有建立。因此太原会战是由国共两党军队共同进行的,将正面战场称作国民党正面战场是不符合历史事实,也是不准确的。     

李家崖文化年代再议

李家崖文化典型器类与晚商早期商式铜、陶器的共存关系表明,李家崖文化的年代上限应为殷墟一期,该文化早期与朱开沟文化晚期部分器物形制接近,也表明两种文化之间年代紧密衔接。李家崖文化晚期出现的弧裆鬲与仿铜风格的鬲、鼎分属先周文化和殷商文化因素,据此可推定李家崖文化的年代下限为西周早期,相关文献中关于"鬼方"等北方部族的描述也与上述认识契合。     

建设镇村风物地情馆 打造乡情文化新名片——“海安:故乡风物地情馆”项目实施报告

随着乡村振兴步伐的加快,城乡建设进入跨越式发展阶段,构成人们乡愁记忆的无数故乡传统和风物风习也在逐渐消失和淡化。海安市委史志工委鼓励并指导镇村挖掘利用地情文化资源,创新打造"让城市留住记忆,让人们记住乡愁"的系列地情馆,发挥地情文化的社会效益,形成地方文化自信,为处理继承与发展关系,让历史文化和现代生活融为一体,进而推动地区经济社会发展做出了有益探索。"海安:故乡风物地情馆"项目入选2019年江苏省地方志工作十大创新项目。     

尊崇与承继:陈作霖对卢前的影响

中国的传统文化、乡邦文化的魅力,是靠一代代的文化人继承、延续和发展的。陈作霖(可园)是保存近世南京文化的典型代表。民国时期,文学和戏剧史论家卢前对陈作霖的贡献推崇备至,以其为民国初年东南耆硕之魁率,认为陈作霖从历史的废墟和陈迹之中爬梳、挖掘和勾画出江苏和南京的历史文化的面貌,对发掘与整理江苏南京文献居功至伟。陈作霖对故乡南京历史文化的热爱,也影响了卢前的一生。在担任南京通志馆馆长和文献委员会主任期间,卢前主持编纂了26册的《南京文献》,延续了南京文化人对地方文献特别关注的传统。     

岷江上游新石器时代的文化景观与环境动因

岷江上游位于我国西南横断山脉东缘,自然和人文地理特征鲜明,是藏彝民族走廊中最独特的一个区域。本文以岷江上游新石器时代为时间断面,从文化景观的角度,探讨文化源流、聚落建筑、生产生活、文化习俗以及文化传播等要素的呈现,并分析背后的环境机制以及景观呈现对环境的响应。     

The technology of jades excavated at the Western Zhou,Jin Marquis cemetery,Tianma-Qucun,Beizhao, Shanxi province: recognition of tools and techniques

This paper is concerned with the technology of a small but representative sample of thirty nephrite jades from the burial assemblages of the Jin Marquisate excavated at Tianma-Qucun, Beizhao, Shanxi province, north-central China. The jades date mainly from two Bronze Age cultures, the Western Zhou dynasty (c. 1050–771 BC) and the previous Shang dynasty (c. 1600–c. 1050 BC). They include unfinished and finished carvings. The carvings were examined at Shanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology, Houma: following an optical survey of the tool marks, detailed silicone moulds were made from twelve jades bearing evidence of working techniques. The moulds were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at the British Museum, London. Consideration of several characteristics of the moulded features for comparison with moulded experimental standards provided evidence for the tools employed for several stages of working. Extensive use was made of non-rotary rigid saws and thicker files for shaping many parts of the jades, and pointed tools for incising pieces. Use was also made of rotary solid drills for working narrow perforations for openwork and the suspension of jades, and broader tubular drills. Although no evidence of non-rotary string saws, rotary circular saws or smaller incising wheels was seen on the jades, there was evidence for the use of rotary lathes, on which jades were mounted for shaping.     

The Middle-Upper Paleolithic transition in Southeastern Central Europe (Czechoslovakia and Hungary)

Southeastern Central Europe is quite rich in finds of progressive Neandertals from Middle Paleolithic contexts and early modern humans associated with evolved Upper Paleolithic (Aurignacian and Pavlovian). There are no human fossils that can be related to the transitional Middle-Upper Paleolithic units (the Bohunician and the Szeletian); thus, from anthropology we know only that the transitional period began with Neandertals and ended with modern humans. The archaeological record is more complex. The Jankovichian industries of Hungary differ from the mostly non-Levallois Middle Paleolithic of Central Europe in the presence of some Levallois; they seem to be technologically related to the Levallois-Leptolithic Bohunician industries of Moravia, dated to 43,000–38,000 B.P., which are the first transitional Upper Paleolithic unit. The appearance of the Szeletian before 42,000 B.P. in Hungary and at about 39,000 in Moravia represents a technological variation of the transition, although retaining marked local Middle Paleolithic elements. The date of the appearance of the typical Aurignacian, the first culture clearly related to modern humans, is unclear, but it certainly developed after 36,000 B.P. and has several dates between 35,000 and 30,000 B.P.     

Path-development trajectories and barriers perceived by stakeholders in two Central European less developed regions: narrow or broad choice?

This paper aims at the comprehension of feasible development trajectories conceptualized within the new path-development model in the case of two less developed regions in Central Europe (CE). The main new element of this paper comprises the examination of the perception of key barriers and mechanisms hindering particular evolutionary trajectories by regional stakeholders and their comparison with those conceptualized in the literature. Although conceptual characteristics of prevailing path types in different regional innovation systems do exist, empirical verification from less developed regions such as those in CE is insufficient. On the basis of interviews with regional stakeholders, a typology of barriers for pathways conceptualized to date was elaborated from a CE perspective. Our study showed that the feasibility of a more radical path is hindered by a wide range of barriers operating at different levels. The elaborated typology of barriers for various path-development trajectories outlined the main hindrances constraining key regional actors, linkages and institutions. Given the general weakness of the overall RIS, path-extension and path-modernization trajectories are bound to be the most realistic options for this type of less developed regions. Our study revealed existing regional dynamics as built predominately upon incremental changes within rooted but prospective industrial branches.