中国医患关系史研究刍议

医患关系史是研究医患关系的构成及其演变的历史,其发展变动与医患互动以及第三方因素密切相关。目前,我国的医患关系史研究仍处于起步阶段,其深化和拓展似可从以下五个层面入手,分别是:医患行为史、医患纠纷史、医患认知史、医患伦理史和医患形象史。在医患关系史的研究中,除了医生和病人之外,医疗空间、医学技术、药物、国家、媒介、地方性知识等因素对医患关系影响尤大,似可成为医患关系史研究的切入点和着力点。至于如何提炼具有中国特色的医患关系史的研究旨趣,则有待学界去进一步探讨。     

An Isotopic Perspective on Animal Husbandry at the Xinzhai Site During the Initial Stage of the Legendary Xia Dynasty (2070–1600 BC)

Located in the Central Plains of China, the early Xia Dynasty site of Xinzhai (2050 BC–1750 BC) with large archaeological features and exquisite artifacts of jade and copper is pivotal for probing the origin and formation of Chinese civilisation. Here, stable isotope ratios analysis, supplemented by zooarchaeological results, was used to investigate the exploitation and management of animals utilised by humans. It was demonstrated that a diverse pattern of animal raising and exploitation was present at the Xinzhai site. The domestic pigs were fed with substantial amounts of millets or their byproducts to guarantee a food source for the dietary demands of the humans. Dogs were also found to have consumed large amounts of C₄ protein sources, likely in the form of human food scraps or leftovers. The domestic herbivores, sheep and cattle, showed different dietary characteristics in that the former mainly grazed in the natural environment, while the latter species were fed with large amounts of C₄ products. This intra‐species variation was somewhat related to their physiological characteristics but seems to have been more determined by their different status in social and ritual activities. Thus, this research at Xinzhai provides a glimpse of the organisation of animal resources during the initial formation of Chinese civilisation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Raising Practices of Neolithic Livestock Evidenced by Stable Isotope Analysis in the Wei River Valley,North China

Although a patchwork of projects shows a process of agriculture intensification in North China during the Neolithic, the impact of cereal farming on animal husbandry and their mutual interaction remain cloudy. This study reports bone collagen δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N of humans and animals from Wayaogou (ca 6.5–6.0 kyrs bp ) and Dongying (ca 5.9–5.6 kyrs bp , 4.6–4.0 kyrs bp ) to explore temporal trend of livestock raising and particularly the importance of millet fodder to stock raising practices in the Wei River valley, North China. The isotopic evidence overall shows that millet products increased in human and domestic animal diets during the mentioned chronological span. δ¹³C values of pigs and dogs at Dongying are higher than those at Wayaogou, implying that the importance of millet nutrients increased to animal husbandry diachronically. Interestingly, δ¹³C results of domestic cattle of Dongying late phase (−14.1 ± 1.1‰, N = 5) are more enriched than Wayaogou wild Bos (−17.8 ± 0.3‰, N = 3), indicating that millet fodder had taken a significant place in early cattle husbandry. Besides, differences between Bos species of the two periods also imply that δ¹³C values of bone collagen constitute a potential indicator for tracing the origin of cattle husbandry in North China. In addition, domestic sheep at Dongying produced similar isotope data to wild ovicaprid at Wayaogou, suggesting that they possibly had grazed for the most in grassland and therefore experienced a different lifestyle from cattle. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

兰州古建置初探

兰州自古以来就是丝路重镇,历史文化遗存丰富。本文从古代建置及政治治所、文化遗存、城堡遗址、寺庙建置入手,勾勒出兰州古代建置治所文化遗存的脉络。     

魏收笔下的西域历史人文——略论《魏书》“西域撰述”

魏收笔下的《魏书》"西域撰述"具体而生动地展现了一幅西域历史与人文景观画卷。其中对前代正史"西域撰述"有继承,也有发展,深刻地影响了后来正史中"西域撰述"的内容。因此,《魏书》"西域撰述"中西域历史人文的充分展现是它能起到承上启下作用的一个重要原因。同时,这种承上启下又是通过前者内容在其他正史"西域撰述"的前后继承中来具体反映的。     

嘉峪关关城游击将军府修建年代考证

《嘉峪关市志》依据《重修肃州新志》中"隆庆二年,总督王崇古言,嘉峪关三面临戎,势甚孤悬,宜设守备防御,从之"的记载推断,游击将军府系明隆庆二年(1568)修建。笔者认为值得商榷。通过对历史文献和碑碣的分析,笔者认为游击将军府最初修建年代应为明正德元年(1506),是由肃州兵备副宪李端澄主持修建的官厅。     

西安尤家庄秦墓出土铜镜的初步研究

关于秦镜的研究,以往限于出土资料的贫乏,长期以来学界鲜有问津。此前仅见有高至喜先生《论湖南秦墓》一文中涉及到秦镜的探讨     

吴道子壁画创作考补

以《吴道子研究》一书所考索辑录的吴道子创作之四十三处壁画为基础,从方志、诗文、宗教典籍等文献之中又新见为该书所未收入的嘉猷观、广教寺、悟真寺、正道观、嵩阳宫、七祖院、法华院、牛心寺等八处寺观之内曾存有吴道子的壁画,并据此加以辑录整理,以期对该书作进一步完善。同时,借此来丰富唐代画圣吴道子的行迹史料。     

中日实现经贸合作战略升级的区域环境

尽管中日两国关系内部的经贸合作关系与政治协作关系,在发展上长期处于不平衡、不协调的亚健康状态,但是中国从双边经贸合作的大局出发,一直在积极促进两国经贸关系与政治关系协调发展。这不仅是中国经济发展的内在需要,而且也是区域性外在作用的促进结果。值得一提的是,中日两国在亚太经济合作组织、东亚“10 3”合作机制、中日韩三国合作框架、中日俄三国利益关系的推进上,都有着广泛的合作基础与广阔的合作前景,从而在外部形成了中日两国经贸合作实现战略升级目标的区域促进环境,有利于双方在2008￣2010年间达到2 000亿美圆的经贸合作额度。