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71.
Per Mangset Mari Torvik Heian Bård Kleppe Knut Løyland 《International Journal of Cultural Policy》2018,24(4):539-558
In the period 2006 to 2013, Norway has experienced a substantial increase in public subsidies to culture as well as a substantial increase in real income growth in general. This paper discusses different explanations for why Norwegian artists’ real artistic income has declined between 2006 and 2013, despite the positive economic development in Norway. We have based the study in particular on two comparable studies on the income and work situation of Norwegian artists in 2006 and 2013. We analyse and discuss why the artists’ real artistic income has declined during this period. We do not find a single, general, explanation for this, but the income decline does not primarily seem to be due to either an increasing number of artists or a decline in public scholarships to artists. Our two most striking findings are: (i) A substantial decline in most artists’ artistic working hours and a corresponding increase in artistically related and non-artistic working hours, and (ii) a tendency for artists to derive less of their income from the market, together with an apparent decrease in cultural consumption (spending) among Norwegians. These two factors – especially the latter – seem to be the major factors behind the decline in artistic income. 相似文献
72.
Ingela Bergman Per H. Ramqvist 《Acta Borealia: A Nordic Journal of Circumpolar Societies》2018,35(1):1-28
During the course of the 14th century the Swedish Crown and the Catholic Church made robust attempts to include the areas beside the Bothnian bay within their central fiscal and clerical organization. Salmon fishing in the productive river rapids became major targets for external commercial interests. Written records inform us about the situation from the perspective of the exploiters. However, there is a story running in parallel – that of the local population already occupying the lands and the fishing grounds. The study aims to analyse the significance of hunting and fishing to the overall subsistence of coastal communities in northern Sweden during the period AD 500–1600. The social context is of particular interest, specifically in relation to the successive conformation by the local communities to the Swedish fiscal system. The study draws on archaeological records and on historical records from the 14th to the 17th century, in addition to ethnographic accounts for hunting and fishing. We conclude that the legal cultures embraced by the indigenous population and that of the Swedish central powers were in essence incompatible. The acquisition of land and fishing rights was never settled between two equal parties, but one-sidedly enforced by the party holding the pen. 相似文献
73.
Karl Hoffmann 《Indo-Iranian Journal》1960,4(2-3):119-120
74.
Per Hage Frank Harary Bojka Milicic 《Oceania; a journal devoted to the study of the native peoples of Australia, New Guinea, and the Islands of the Pacific》1995,65(4):347-354
The purpose of this paper is to give a simple, clear and precise graph theoretic characterization of Dumont's controversial and ambiguous concept of hierarchical opposition. The analysis has special importance for Austronesianists who have independently discovered and applied the concept of hierarchical opposition on several different occasions. 相似文献
75.
76.
Per Pippin Aspaas 《Symbolae Osloenses / auspiciis Societatis Graeco-Latinae》2016,90(1):205-234
The subject of this article is three pieces of elegiac Latin poetry, written in Trondheim by the mayor of the town, Niels Krog Bredal. The occasion for the poems were the transits of Venus occurring in the years 1761 and 1769, a rare phenomenon attracting considerable attention from natural philosophers of the Enlightenment and spurring numerous scientific expeditions across the globe. Bredal wrote the poems to commemorate expeditions undertaken by Thomas Bugge and Urban Bruun Aaskow (Trondheim, 1761), Christian Gottlieb Kratzenstein (Trondheim, 1769), and Maximilianus Hell (Vardø, 1769). Bredal is primarily remembered as an important, albeit controversial, figure within Dano-Norwegian theatre history. His Latin poems reveal another side of his character, a person with a keen interest in the natural sciences, and more than willing to express his insights through poetry. The article includes an edition with critical apparatus, translation, and commentary. 相似文献
77.
Yu. V. Knorozov M. A. Probst R. S. P. Beekes F. B. J. Kuiper J. Duchesne-Guillemin Hanns-Peter Schmidt R. E. Emmerick H. Kohlbrugge Kamil V. Zvelebil H. W. Bodewitz L. A. Schwarzschild Hermann Berger Hertha Krick Madeleine Biardeau Peter Gaeffke Siegfried Lienhard Jacques May Erich Frauwallner Sengaku Mayeda Charlotte Vaudeville T. Rajapatirana Per Kværne Claus Vogel Heinz Bechert 《Indo-Iranian Journal》1976,18(1-2):83-149
78.
Stefan‐Ludwig Hoffmann 《Gender & history》2001,13(2):224-248
Largely neglected by historians who assume that its heyday passed in Europe with the demise of the Old Regime, Freemasonry in fact became a mass phenomenon among German (and French as well as American) middle‐class men in the nineteenth century. Masonic secrecy made possible a form of sociability which allowed men to experience intimate relations with each other. Within the lodge, men could experience the emotional drama of the rituals while, both in public and in the family, men increasingly sought to comply with the ideal of a man ruled by reason. Masonic rituals entailed the implicit message that the most important presupposition for civility, moral improvement and a ‘brotherhood of all men’ was male friendship. 相似文献
79.
Per Hoffmann 《International Journal of Nautical Archaeology》2001,30(1):129-140
The conservation project for the Bremen Cog of 1380 took 38 years from salvage to presentation of the ship to the public in the Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum in 2000. The ship was salvaged from the River Weser in about 2000 pieces, and stored in water tanks. A new museum was built, and the Cog reassembled from the waterlogged timbers. The ship was reconstructed with most of the weight being taken by the ceiling of the hall via a steel-rod hanging system. Then a conservation tank was built around the hull, and a novel two-step PEG-treatment applied, especially developed for the Cog. In two consecutive baths PEG 200 and PEG 3000 stabilized lesser degraded and heavily degraded wood against shrinkage, splitting, and warping. After cleaning, the wood looks dark brown, dry, and natural. The extraordinary project is regarded a success. 相似文献
80.
In the last decade there has been an increased interest in the cluster approach as a tool for boosting regional competitiveness. In this article practices and processes of regional cluster building in Sweden are examined in order to better understand the key traits that seem to be common to successful regional cluster initiatives. It is argued that regional cluster building may be formed through long running policy processes that are crucially constituted by public and private actors' collective vision of what cluster policy involves and what a cluster can look like. Results from a study of 13 cluster initiatives in Sweden are presented. Out of these, four key examples are presented in detail to illustrate four distinct 'models' of cluster approaches that emerged: (a) industry-led initiatives to build competitiveness and competence within an existing base; (b) top-down public policy exercises in brand-building; (c) visionary projects to produce an industry cluster from 'thin air'; (d) small scale, geographically dispersed, natural resource based, temporal clusters that link or dip into global rather than national systems, sources of innovation and competitive advantage. The article closes with the presentation of a checklist of some common elements that successful cluster initiatives in Sweden have shared. It is hoped that they may trigger further research or be useful to policy-makers working in the area. It is concluded that though many questions and problems persist over the use of the cluster-approach it can be a useful tool for regional development. 相似文献