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901.
Human geography without scale 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
Sallie A Marston John Paul Jones III Keith Woodward 《Transactions (Institute of British Geographers : 1965)》2005,30(4):416-432
The concept of scale in human geography has been profoundly transformed over the past 20 years. And yet, despite the insights that both empirical and theoretical research on scale have generated, there is today no consensus on what is meant by the term or how it should be operationalized. In this paper we critique the dominant – hierarchical – conception of scale, arguing it presents a number of problems that cannot be overcome simply by adding on to or integrating with network theorizing. We thereby propose to eliminate scale as a concept in human geography. In its place we offer a different ontology, one that so flattens scale as to render the concept unnecessary. We conclude by addressing some of the political implications of a human geography without scale. 相似文献
902.
David Matless Paul Merchant Charles Watkins 《Transactions (Institute of British Geographers : 1965)》2005,30(2):191-205
The paper considers otter hunting and wildfowling in England between 1945 and 1970, showing how arguments over human conduct in relation to the animal were linked to scientific studies of populations, moral arguments over cruelty and the abilities of field sports to restyle themselves as modern. If wildfowling restyles itself as a new conservationist practice, otter hunting is increasingly regarded as a form of landed barbarism. Detailed studies of Herefordshire and Norfolk are drawn upon alongside national debates. The paper emphasizes the effects of geography in debates over such practices, extending work on animal geographies through the study of animal landscapes. 相似文献
903.
Unconditional Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Linear and Log-Linear Dynamic Models for Spatial Panels 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
J. Paul Elhorst 《Geographical analysis》2005,37(1):85-106
This article hammers out the estimation of a fixed effects dynamic panel data model extended to include either spatial error autocorrelation or a spatially lagged dependent variable. To overcome the inconsistencies associated with the traditional least-squares dummy estimator, the models are first-differenced to eliminate the fixed effects and then the unconditional likelihood function is derived taking into account the density function of the first-differenced observations on each spatial unit. When exogenous variables are omitted, the exact likelihood function is found to exist. When exogenous variables are included, the pre-sample values of these variables and thus the likelihood function must be approximated. Two leading cases are considered: the Bhargava and Sargan approximation and the Nerlove and Balestra approximation. As an application, a dynamic demand model for cigarettes is estimated based on panel data from 46 U.S. states over the period from 1963 to 1992. 相似文献
904.
905.
We offer a theory about public policy adoption that depicts a game between state supreme courts and state policymakers. We hypothesize that court ideological hostility or friendliness operates to discourage or encourage policy enactment, with the likelihood of subsequent court intervention magnifying the relationship. To test the argument we examine the influence of court ideology on the enactment of state abortion and death penalty laws since the 1970s. Empirical analyses provide strong support for our theory, indicating that court ideological hostility or friendliness significantly influenced state abortion and death penalty policy enactments. In addition, the likelihood of court intervention conditioned this relationship, with the most pronounced effect occurring where subsequent court review was mandatory. The findings reveal courts exert important preemptive influence on law without hearing a case. This facet of judicial influence expands the traditional view of actors involved in the policymaking process. 相似文献
906.
Paul Millett 《European Review of History》2005,12(1):23-62
Different sorts of people have been revisiting the trial of Socrates for almost 2,500 years: philosophers, political theorists, politicians, jurists, historians, journalists and artists. Each has his or her own agenda for reconstructing the motives of the prosecution, the thinking of the jurors, and the apparently perverse behaviour of Socrates himself. This paper examines some of the more influential approaches to Socrates (including those of his contemporaries, Plato, Xenophon and Aristophanes), and attempts to set them in appropriate contexts. By way of a conclusion, there is an exploration of the background and context to the trial itself, taking into account recent work on Athenian law, religion and punishment, closing with an attempt to explain the significance of the likely location of the law-court, within the Agora or city square of Athens. 相似文献
907.
Austin Woolrych, Britain in Revolution, 1626-1660. New York: Oxford University Press. 2002. 814 pages. $35.00 (hardcover), $25.00 (paperback). 相似文献
908.
Paul Roscoe 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2009,16(2):69-116
Small-scale society furnishes the bread and butter of archeological research. Yet our understanding of what these communities
did and how they achieved their purpose is still rudimentary. Using the ethnography of contact-era New Guinea, this paper
presents a “social signaling” model of small-scale social systems that archeologists may find useful for contextualizing and
interpreting the material record of these societies. It proposes that the organization of small-scale society was oriented,
among other goals, towards biological and social reproduction, subsistence optimization, and military defense. To advance
these multiple collective interests, however, these communities had to deal with three problems: an optimality problem, a
conflict-of-interest problem, and a free-rider problem. The optimality problem was solved with a modular (or segmented) social
structure, the conflict-of-interest problem by a process of social signaling, and these two solutions together operated to
resolve the free-rider problems they created. In addition to explaining the structure and function of small-scale societies,
the model provides a unified framework that can account for the ceremonial behaviors, core cultural conceptions, and leadership
forms that these societies generated.
相似文献
Paul RoscoeEmail: |
909.
Paul A. Demers 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2009,13(3):366-384
In many parts of the world, excavations of British military sites have unearthed material reflecting lifeways in the British
Empire. Specifically, studies of historical ceramics and glass have greatly advanced our understanding of status and material
expression. This study highlights the current body of knowledge on British military crested ceramics, contrasting the rarity
of archaeological finds with their abundance in documentary sources. An elemental stylistic analysis reveals that these crests
expressed regimental affiliation as the fundamental unit of self-identification. Symbolic interpretation of these crests stresses
their active role in the socialization of officers and structuring collective memory, particularly through the mess institution. 相似文献
910.
Marion Walker Duncan Whyatt Colin Pooley Gemma Davies Paul Coulton Will Bamford 《Children's Geographies》2009,7(2):107-122
This paper focuses on the methods used in a project which set out to capture the movements and to consider the wellbeing of 30 teenagers on their journeys to and from school. A mobile phone linked to a GPS receiver was used to automatically log travel patterns whilst the respondents added ‘blog’ images and text about how they felt on the journey. Follow up interviews further explored the data. The paper shows that by using a range of methods the young people became involved in the project in different ways providing a rich picture of contingent and complex school journeys. 相似文献