A British high commissioner for Canada, 1927–28

Trade and Politics in a Shona Kingdom: The Manyika and their Portuguese and African Neighbours, 1575–1902 by H.H.K. Bhila. Salisbury: Longman, 1982. Pp. xvi + 291, maps; £7.lb50.

Indo‐Portuguese History: Sources and Problems edited by John Correia‐Afonso. Bombay: Oxford University Press India, 1981. Pp. xii + 201; £7.lb75.

The Sack of Panama by Peter Earle. London: Jill Norman &; Hobhouse, 1981. Pp. 304, maps and illus.; £9.lb95.

Scotus Americanus: A Survey of the Sources for Links between Scotland and America in the 18th Century by William R. Brock. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1982. Pp. viii + 293; £10.00.

The Great Map of Mankind: British Perceptions of the World in the Age of Enlightenment by P.J. Marshall and Glyndwr Williams. London: J.M. Dent, 1982. Pp. 314; £16.lb50.

Slavery, War and Revolution: The British Occupation of Saint Domingue 1793–1798 by David Geggus. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982. Pp. xii + 492, maps; £28.lb00.

The Peopling of Newfoundland. Essays in Historical Geography edited by John J. Mannion. St John's; Institute of Social and Economic Research, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1977. Pp. x + 289, maps, tables, illus.; $12.lb50.

Delhi Between Two Empires 1803–1931: Society, Government and Urban Growth by Narayani Gupta. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1981. Pp. xiv + 260, maps, illu's.; Rs. 90.

The Other Side of the Frontier: An Interpretation of the Aboriginal Response to the Invasion and Settlement of Australia by Henry Reynolds. Townsville: James Cook University, 1981. Pp. 261; $A 7.lb50.

The Politics of Eastern Cape Separatism, 1820–1854 by Basil A. Le Cordeur. Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 1981. Pp. viii + 314, maps, illus.; NP.

Rule Britannia: The Victorian Navy; by Peter Padfield. London: Routledge &; Kegan Paul, 1981. Pp. 246, illus.; £8.lb95.

Studies in the History of Plateau State, Nigeria edited by E. Isichei. London: Macmillan, 1982. Pp. xvi + 288, maps and illus.; £25.lb00.

Varieties of Christian Experience in Nigeria edited by Elizabeth Isichei. London: Macmillan, 1982. Pp. xi + 211, map and illus.; £17.lb50.

Britain and the War for the Union, by Brian Jenkins. Montreal and London: McGill‐Queen's University Press, 2 vols., 1974 and 1980. Pp. 315, 470; $17.lb50 and $26.lb50.

Egypt for the Egyptians! The Socio‐political Crisis in Egypt 1878–82 by Alexander Schölch. London: Ithaca Press (for the Middle East Centre, St. Antony's College, Oxford), 1981. Pp.xiv + 386, maps; £14.50.

Gentlemen Emigrants. From the British Public Schools to the Canadian Frontier by Patrick A. Dunae. Vancouver: Douglas &; McIntyre, 1981. Pp. 276; NP.

The Far Eastern Telegraphs. The History of Telegraphic Communications between the Far East, Europe and America before the First World War by Jorma Ahvenainen. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, 1981. Pp. 226, maps and illus.; NP.

Anglo‐Russian Rivalry in Central Asia: 1810–1885 by Gerald Morgan, with an epilogue by Geoffrey Wheeler. London: Frank Cass, 1981. Pp. xix + 264, maps; £15.

Imperialism. The Idea and Reality of British and French Colonial Expansion, 1880–1914 by Winfried Baumgart. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982. Pp. xii + 239; cloth £15.lb00, paper £5.lb95.

Economic Control and Colonial Development. Crown Colony Financial Management in the Age of Joseph Chamberlain by R.M. Kesner. Oxford: Clio Press, 1982. Pp. xvii+ 305; £23.lb25.

Julian S. Corbett, 1854–1922: Historian of British Maritime Policy from Drake to Jellicoe by Donald M. Schurman. Royal Historical Society, Studies in History Series No. 26. London: Swift Printers, 1981. Pp. x + 216; £15.lb75/$US39.lb89.

British Malaya. A Bibliographical and Biographical Compendium by Robert Heussler. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1981. Pp. xvii + 193; $30.

Oxford and the Idea of Commonwealth: Essays presented to Sir Edgar Williams edited by Frederick Madden and D.K. Fieldhouse. London: Croom Helm, 1982. Pp. vii + 167, 1 plate: £11.lb95.

British Policy Towards the Indian States, 1905–1939 by S.R. Ashton. London Studies on South Asia, No. 2. London: Curzon Press, 1982. Pp. xiv + 231, map; £6.lb75.

The State and the Emergence of the British Oil Industry by Geoffrey Jones. London: Macmillan, in association with Business History Unit, University of London, 1981. Pp. xi + 264, maps, tables and figures; £20.lb00.

Mahatma Gandhi A Biography by B.R. Nanda. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1981. Pp. 542; Rs. 80.

Canadians Behind Enemy Lines, 1939–1945 by Roy Maclaren. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. Pp. xv + 330, maps and illus.; NP.

British Army Aid Group: Hong Kong Resistance, 1942–1945 by Edwin Ride. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1982. Pp. xiv + 347, maps and illus.; £14.lb00.

The Turning Point in Africa: British Colonial Policy, 1938–1948 by R.D. Pearce. London: Frank Cass, 1982. Pp. 223; £15.lb00.

Domestic Roots of India's Foreign Policy 1947–1972 by A. Appadorai. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1981. Pp. viii + 244; Rs. 80.

New History: Studying Australia Today edited by G. Osborne and W.F. Mandle. Sydney: George Allen &; Unwin, 1982. Pp. 216.

Inventing Australia. Images and Identity 1688–1980 by Richard White. Sydney, London and Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1981. Pp. x + 205, illus; £10.lb00.

Sind Through the Centuries by Hamida Khuhro (ed.). Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1981. Pp. xvi + 301, 23 plates; £17.lb00.     

German volunteers in the armed conflicts of the Italian Risorgimento 1834–70

Abstract

Between 1834 and 1870, Germans participated in the armed conflicts of the Italian Risorgimento in the ranks of both Mazzini and Garibaldi and of the Pope and Francis II of Naples. While acknowledging the difficulty in analysing the motives of historical actors, the essay compares the reasons that led these Germans to volunteer and fight. For those who fought for the cause of Italian unity, the networks created in exile in the 1830s remained decisive down to 1870, whereas the mobilization of volunteers in Germany for the Papal states reached its height only later between 1867 and 1870. Despite these chronological differences, the methods used in terms of the media and forms of organization to mobilize the volunteers and to legitimize war were very similar across the political spectrum. The foreign volunteers were described by their own side as brothers, but as mere mercenaries by the respective enemy side. At the same time, Germans and Italians brought their national stereotypes to the various armed groups and armies in which they served and in ways that made the latter important places for the staging of national ‘re-virilization’ achieved through heroic fighting.     

Imperial Rome and Britain's Language of Empire 1600–1837

Britain's pre-Victorian overseas expansion stimulated Roman comparisons. But imperial Rome was a warning as much as an inspiration to future empires, a harsh and uncomfortable model for Britain as a former Roman colony. Roman dignity was claimed for British monarchs and achievements by Dryden and others. But there were mixed feelings about identifying expanding Britain as a second Roman Empire. In the eighteenth century the British freedom-fighter Caractacus, defeated by the Romans, appealed far more to popular taste than Virgil's Aeneas or the Emperor Augustus. Sustained unease about imperial Rome, going right back to Tacitus, anticipated the liberal critique of imperialism of some Victorian and Edwardian commentators.     

An Expanding Aboriginal Domain: Mobility and the Initiation Journey

Some pre‐circumcision candidates in the Western Desert culture area are taken on a journey to gather people for the final ceremony. Since Aboriginal people started to own cars in the 1960s, these journeys have expanded to such an extent that the outward journey discussed here covered 2250 km. The question of why it is the initiation ceremony, rather than some other ceremonial form, that is becoming the basis for the integration of this expanding Aboriginal domain is addressed and the fragmentary evidence on the historical growth of the journeys presented. Three kinds of ceremonial integration are distinguished and a suggestion made as to why it is the initiation form that is the focus of this expansion.     

Book review

Bruce Grant What Kind of Country? Australia and the Twenty First Century. Ringwood, Vic.: Penguin Books, xii +178pp. $ 11.95.

Phillip W. Jones. Australia's International Relations in Education. Hawthorne, Vic: The Australian Council for Educational Research Ltd, 1986. 123pp. $8.95.

Ronald H. Linden. Communist States and International Change: Romania and Yugoslavia in Comparative Perspective. Boston: Allen & Unwin, xviii+201pp. $87.50.

Christopher Tugendhat Making Sense of Europe. Harmond‐sworth: Penguin Books, 1987.240pp. $12.95.

A. J. Marques Mendes. Economic Integration and Growth in Europe. London; Croom Helm, 1987.141pp. £22.50.

Miles Hewstone. Understanding Attitudes to the European Community: a social‐psychological study in four member states. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. xviii+306pp. $98.00.

Sonia Mazey and Michael Newman (eds). Mitterrand's France. London: Croom Helm, 1987. xi+253pp. $105.00.

Tom Gallagher. Glasgow: The Uneasy Peace. Religious Tension in Modern Scotland, 1819–1914. Manchester. Manchester University Press, 1987.ix+382pp.$114.00.

Anthony Hall and James Midgley (eds). Development Policies: Sociological Perspectives. Manchester. Manchester University Press, 1988. 154pp £21.00.

Stewart MacPherson and James Midgley (eds). Comparative Social Policy and the Third World. Brighton, Sussex: Wheatsheaf Books, 1987.228pp. $69.95.

Edward J. Lincoln. Japan: Facing Economic Maturity. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1988. xii+298pp. $US11.95.

Harry Harding. China's Second Revolution: Reform after Mao. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1987. 369pp. $US12.95.

Zakaria Haji Ahmad (ed.). Government and Politics of Malaysia. Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1986. xii + 178pp. No price given.

Raul P. de Guzman and Mila A. Reforma (eds.) Government and Politics of the Philippines Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1988. xii+289 pp. $S45.00.

Fred Greene (ed). The Philippine Bases: Negotiating for the Future. American and Philippine Perspectives. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1988. xv+ 158pp. $US9.95.

Ed Garcia and Francisco Nemenzo. The Sovereign Quest. Freedom from Foreign Military Bases. Quezon City: Claretian Publications, 1988. xv+ 120pp. No price given.

Stella R. Quah and Jon S. T. Quah. Friends in Blue: The Police and the Public in Singapore. Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1987. 209 pp. No price given.

Lim Chong Yah and Associates. Policy Options for the Singapore Economy. Singapore: McGraw‐Hill, 1988. xv + 499 pp. No price given.

Muthiah Alagappa. The National Security of Developing States: Lessons from Thailand. Dover, Mass: Auburn House, 1987. xiv + 274 pp. No price given.

R. A. Cramb and R. H. W. Reece (eds). Development in Sarawak. Monash Paper on Southeast Asia, No. 17. Melbourne: Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University, 1988. 190pp. $16.00.

Mavis Rose. Indonesia Free: A Political Biography of Mohammad Hatta. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Modern Indonesia Project, 1987. vii + 245pp.$US10.50.

Leonard Blusse. Strange Company: Chinese Settlers. Mestizo Women and the Dutch in VOC Batavia. Dordrecht Foris Publications, 1986, xiii + 302pp. Df1.35.

Mary Brooks. Fleet Development and the Control of Shipping in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1985,x+113pp.$SI8.00.

Robert H. Taylor. The State in Burma. London: C Hurst/Orient Longman, 1987, xvi+395pp. £27.50.

W. David McIntyre. New Zealand Prepares for War — Defence Policy 1919–39. Christchurch: University of Canterbury Press, 1988. 287pp. $NZ44.00.