In Memoriam: Philip Mainwaring Johnston,F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A.

Abstract

It is increasingly recognised that religion was the mainspring of pre-Reformation domestic ritual in royal as well as episcopal and archiepiscopal households. This article sets out to examine the architectural consequences of this. It argues that from the mid-15th century a small group of high-status residential buildings was planned around the need for lavish liturgical display, particularly the introduction of a cloister. The patrons of such buildings were churchmen of the highest rank such as Henry Beaufort and Thomas Wolsey who, it is argued, had special requirements for their principal residences. These requirements subsequently went on to influence the plans of early Tudor royal palaces, culminating in the reconstruction of Whitehall Palace by Henry VIII in the 1540s.     

Discipline or profession: Anthropology and its guilds

Chambers, Erve. Applied Anthropology: A Practical Guide. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1986. ix + 258 pp., including references and index.

Driben, Paul. Aroland Is Our Home: An Incomplete Victory in Applied Anthropology. New York: AMS Press, 1986. xiv + 185 pp., including chapter notes and index. $32.50 cloth.

Eddy, Elizabeth M. and William L. Partridge, eds. Applied Anthropology in America, Second Edition. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987. xiii + 571 pp., including bibliography.

Van Willigen, John. Applied Anthropology: An Introduction. South Hadley, Massachusetts: Bergin & Garvey Publishers, 1986. xviii + 259 pp., including bibliography and index. $36.95 cloth, $18.95 paper.     

Essay and Reflection: On the Nature of International History

This essay focuses on a previously under-explored facet of Churchill's life by analysing the autobiographical novel he created while reading literary classics as a young soldier suffering bouts of depression in a remote corner of the British Empire. It employs a combination of research strategies that include Churchill's correspondence, extracts from Savrola and related works, the social-scientific insights of Anthony Storr and Daniel Levinson, and an unpublished document in the Churchill Archives that links Churchill's capacity for heroism to the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer. The author concludes that Savrola provided a means of self-diagnosis and treatment for Winston Churchill to extract some meaning in life and ultimately achieve political success.     

A British high commissioner for Canada, 1927–28

Trade and Politics in a Shona Kingdom: The Manyika and their Portuguese and African Neighbours, 1575–1902 by H.H.K. Bhila. Salisbury: Longman, 1982. Pp. xvi + 291, maps; £7.lb50.

Indo‐Portuguese History: Sources and Problems edited by John Correia‐Afonso. Bombay: Oxford University Press India, 1981. Pp. xii + 201; £7.lb75.

The Sack of Panama by Peter Earle. London: Jill Norman &; Hobhouse, 1981. Pp. 304, maps and illus.; £9.lb95.

Scotus Americanus: A Survey of the Sources for Links between Scotland and America in the 18th Century by William R. Brock. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1982. Pp. viii + 293; £10.00.

The Great Map of Mankind: British Perceptions of the World in the Age of Enlightenment by P.J. Marshall and Glyndwr Williams. London: J.M. Dent, 1982. Pp. 314; £16.lb50.

Slavery, War and Revolution: The British Occupation of Saint Domingue 1793–1798 by David Geggus. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982. Pp. xii + 492, maps; £28.lb00.

The Peopling of Newfoundland. Essays in Historical Geography edited by John J. Mannion. St John's; Institute of Social and Economic Research, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1977. Pp. x + 289, maps, tables, illus.; $12.lb50.

Delhi Between Two Empires 1803–1931: Society, Government and Urban Growth by Narayani Gupta. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1981. Pp. xiv + 260, maps, illu's.; Rs. 90.

The Other Side of the Frontier: An Interpretation of the Aboriginal Response to the Invasion and Settlement of Australia by Henry Reynolds. Townsville: James Cook University, 1981. Pp. 261; $A 7.lb50.

The Politics of Eastern Cape Separatism, 1820–1854 by Basil A. Le Cordeur. Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 1981. Pp. viii + 314, maps, illus.; NP.

Rule Britannia: The Victorian Navy; by Peter Padfield. London: Routledge &; Kegan Paul, 1981. Pp. 246, illus.; £8.lb95.

Studies in the History of Plateau State, Nigeria edited by E. Isichei. London: Macmillan, 1982. Pp. xvi + 288, maps and illus.; £25.lb00.

Varieties of Christian Experience in Nigeria edited by Elizabeth Isichei. London: Macmillan, 1982. Pp. xi + 211, map and illus.; £17.lb50.

Britain and the War for the Union, by Brian Jenkins. Montreal and London: McGill‐Queen's University Press, 2 vols., 1974 and 1980. Pp. 315, 470; $17.lb50 and $26.lb50.

Egypt for the Egyptians! The Socio‐political Crisis in Egypt 1878–82 by Alexander Schölch. London: Ithaca Press (for the Middle East Centre, St. Antony's College, Oxford), 1981. Pp.xiv + 386, maps; £14.50.

Gentlemen Emigrants. From the British Public Schools to the Canadian Frontier by Patrick A. Dunae. Vancouver: Douglas &; McIntyre, 1981. Pp. 276; NP.

The Far Eastern Telegraphs. The History of Telegraphic Communications between the Far East, Europe and America before the First World War by Jorma Ahvenainen. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, 1981. Pp. 226, maps and illus.; NP.

Anglo‐Russian Rivalry in Central Asia: 1810–1885 by Gerald Morgan, with an epilogue by Geoffrey Wheeler. London: Frank Cass, 1981. Pp. xix + 264, maps; £15.

Imperialism. The Idea and Reality of British and French Colonial Expansion, 1880–1914 by Winfried Baumgart. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982. Pp. xii + 239; cloth £15.lb00, paper £5.lb95.

Economic Control and Colonial Development. Crown Colony Financial Management in the Age of Joseph Chamberlain by R.M. Kesner. Oxford: Clio Press, 1982. Pp. xvii+ 305; £23.lb25.

Julian S. Corbett, 1854–1922: Historian of British Maritime Policy from Drake to Jellicoe by Donald M. Schurman. Royal Historical Society, Studies in History Series No. 26. London: Swift Printers, 1981. Pp. x + 216; £15.lb75/$US39.lb89.

British Malaya. A Bibliographical and Biographical Compendium by Robert Heussler. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1981. Pp. xvii + 193; $30.

Oxford and the Idea of Commonwealth: Essays presented to Sir Edgar Williams edited by Frederick Madden and D.K. Fieldhouse. London: Croom Helm, 1982. Pp. vii + 167, 1 plate: £11.lb95.

British Policy Towards the Indian States, 1905–1939 by S.R. Ashton. London Studies on South Asia, No. 2. London: Curzon Press, 1982. Pp. xiv + 231, map; £6.lb75.

The State and the Emergence of the British Oil Industry by Geoffrey Jones. London: Macmillan, in association with Business History Unit, University of London, 1981. Pp. xi + 264, maps, tables and figures; £20.lb00.

Mahatma Gandhi A Biography by B.R. Nanda. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1981. Pp. 542; Rs. 80.

Canadians Behind Enemy Lines, 1939–1945 by Roy Maclaren. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. Pp. xv + 330, maps and illus.; NP.

British Army Aid Group: Hong Kong Resistance, 1942–1945 by Edwin Ride. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1982. Pp. xiv + 347, maps and illus.; £14.lb00.

The Turning Point in Africa: British Colonial Policy, 1938–1948 by R.D. Pearce. London: Frank Cass, 1982. Pp. 223; £15.lb00.

Domestic Roots of India's Foreign Policy 1947–1972 by A. Appadorai. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1981. Pp. viii + 244; Rs. 80.

New History: Studying Australia Today edited by G. Osborne and W.F. Mandle. Sydney: George Allen &; Unwin, 1982. Pp. 216.

Inventing Australia. Images and Identity 1688–1980 by Richard White. Sydney, London and Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1981. Pp. x + 205, illus; £10.lb00.

Sind Through the Centuries by Hamida Khuhro (ed.). Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1981. Pp. xvi + 301, 23 plates; £17.lb00.     

Searching for the Reluctant Hands: Obsession,Ambivalence and the Practice of Organising Involuntary Labour in Colonial Cuanza-Sul and Malange Districts,Angola, 1926–1945

In the 1930s, administrative control over the unruly hinterlands of Angola was established by the Portuguese colonisers, and officials at Lisbon's colonial ministry attempted to set up efficient mechanisms to force local populations to work. However, the experience and the attitudes of the administrators of the local posts—the chefes de posto—and of the small subdivisions were full of ambivalences and insecurities; their interaction with the African inhabitants of the respective areas and with the European settlers was characterised by improvisation. These attitudes of the local administrators, slowly changing up to and beyond the period of the Second World War, can be used as a window into administrative life in the field, and these attitudes had direct repercussions on the living conditions of rural Angolans. While this analysis is limited to subdivisions of the Angolan districts of Cuanza-Sul and Malange, it is intended to contribute to a broader picture of the effects the decisions of local administrators had, a picture applicable to other Portuguese colonies and to the lower parts of the hierarchy of other colonial empires.     

Peasant Settlers and the ‘Civilising Mission’ in Russian Turkestan, 1865–1917

This article provides an introduction to one of the lesser-known examples of European settler colonialism, the settlement of European (mainly Russian and Ukrainian) peasants in Southern Central Asia (Turkestan) in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It establishes the legal background and demographic impact of peasant settlement, and the role played by the state in organising and encouraging it. It explores official attitudes towards the settlers (which were often very negative), and their relations with the local Kazakh and Kyrgyz population. The article adopts a comparative framework, looking at Turkestan alongside Algeria and Southern Africa, and seeking to establish whether paradigms developed in the study of other settler societies (such as the ‘poor white’) are of any relevance in understanding Slavic peasant settlement in Turkestan. It concludes that there are many close parallels with European settlement in other regions with large indigenous populations, but that racial ideology played a much less important role in the Russian case compared to religious divisions and fears of cultural backsliding. This did not prevent relations between settlers and the ‘native’ population deteriorating markedly in the years before the First World War, resulting in large-scale rebellion in 1916.     

Cultural traffic in Lübeck and Danzig in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

In this examination of patterns of cultural traffic in Lübeck and Danzig in the 16th and 17th centuries it is argued that while Danzig was strongly influenced by Dutch commercial contacts and exercised a very strong cultural influence on its Polish hinterland, Lübeck was open to a more diffuse range of external cultural influences, and competed as a centre of culture with its neighbours. Two assumptions are tested here: that a relationship existed between cultural innovation based on external stimuli and levels of commercial prosperity in cities, and that the more passive a city became in terms of international trade, the more it was influenced by external cultural trends. It is concluded that the cultural experiences of the two cities were shaped as much by their relationship with their hinterlands as they were by changing patterns of international trade during the 16th and 17th centuries.