汉代“薅秧画像砖”再认识

汉代“薅秧画像砖”再认识@刘兴林$南京大学历史系!江苏南京市210093画像砖;;秧苗;;移栽;;汉代~~     

论通史

在中国 ,“通史”是一个常用且易解的词。中国学者写的关于中国史、世界史的书常题名为“中国通史”、“世界通史”。而英国人写关于世界史或英国史的书就叫“世界史”或“英国史” ,其中并无一个“通”字。西方语言里有好几个看来与“通史”相近的词 ,但其真实含义并非“通史”。西方的普世史传统来自古希腊 ,据柯林武德分析 ,这种传统与“实质主义”思想有关。中国的通史传统来自先秦诸子的富有历史倾向的思想 ,这种思想恰好是反实质主义的。中国的“通史”精神就在于通古今之变     

嘉业堂藏书出售信函(上)

1940年前后,浙江南浔刘承干(字贞一,号翰怡,别署求恕居士)嘉业堂藏书经历了一次比较大的变故:由于日本侵略军铁蹄南下,江南地区的局势一片动荡,又由于家庭矛盾日剧,生活财用日渐匮乏,刘承干无力保护其辛苦所藏,便将其出售,当时日本在华的两大机构--大连满铁株式会社和上海同文书院参与此事.而在这两家机构的前台和背后,当时的日本军方势力、学者以及中国的文人、书贾甚至堕为民族败类的汉奸,也纷纷染指其中,从而展开了一场政治与学术相融、道义与强权并在的"文化交流"活动.这种在特定条件下私人藏书所遭遇的特殊命运,颇富有传奇色彩,而其中所包含的民族辛酸,更令人深感痛心.     

Reconstructing subsistence at the Yingpanshan and Gaoshan sites in Sichuan province,China: Insights from isotope analysis on bone samples and charred crop remains

During the Neolithic period, the Chengdu Plain was a key region where two important crops, rice and millet, were cultivated together. Millet was probably introduced from north-western China c.3500–3300 cal. bce , and rice came from the Middle Yangtze River c.2600 cal. bce . In this study, human and faunal remains, as well as charred crop grains, were collected from the Yingpanshan (3300–2600 cal. bce ) and Gaoshan (2500–2000 cal. bce ) sites where the dominant crop was millet and rice, respectively. Carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses were conducted on human bones and the ecofact samples in order to reconstruct the subsistence at the sites. The results indicate that the diets of two individuals recovered from the Yingpanshan site consisted of both C₃- and C₄-based foods, predominantly the former. By contrast, Yingpanshan pigs consumed a large quantity of C₄ fodder. This result, combined with the ecofact evidence, suggests that millet was the main crop at the Yingpanshan site. It also highlights the fact that the two Yingpanshan individuals might be non-locals and/or belonged to later periods. On the other hand, the diet of the Gaoshan community was dominated by C₃-based foods. When considering the archaeobotanical evidence at Baodun, a site contemporaneous with and near to the Gaoshan site, it can be stated that rice was an important food resource for the Gaoshan community. This study also suggests how crops were managed at the two sites. The Yingpanshan people might have used manure for growing millet. Both manuring and irrigation might have also been practised by Gaoshan's rice farmers. However, more studies are required to understand the extent of manuring and irrigation in their agricultural economies.     

马塞里努斯笔下的罗马工兵装备考

机械武器是古典欧洲最具特色的军事装备之一,亦是古典欧洲科学技术成就的集中体现.在罗马帝国时代,古典机械武器发展到复杂成熟阶段.本文从原始文献入手,通过分析有关机械武器的最重要记载,对晚期罗马帝国的机械装备状况分类进行具体考察.     

传统城市空间的近代转型:以上海县城为例(1905-1914)

学界对于传统中国城市空间近代转型相对缺乏关注。通过对上海县城的研究发现,在人口压力增加、城市用地紧张、环境恶化及租界示范效应的多重作用下,明清治所城市空间结构不再适用于20世纪初的上海县城,城市空间亟待改造。上海县城市政机构的设立为解决这一需求提供了制度保障与财力支持,故县城得以开展前所未有的大规模建设,包括道路、排水、桥梁、码头、义冢迁移、公地改造、市容清理等,以不同以往的空间结构重塑了上海县城。这种因人地关系紧张带来的适应性改善不限于上海一地,而具有普遍性的意义。     

斯巴达奥巴铭文译注

作为古代斯巴达社会组织形式之一的奥巴见于古风时代斯巴达之重要文献"大瑞特剌".但相关希腊文传世文献颇为晚出,于其具体情形语焉不详.然而于拉格尼亚地区之铭文材料中颇可见奥巴一词,抑或其方言表达形式.此种铭文包括嘉许令、球戏铭文及圣法三类,共计19则.上述铭文固然亦多属希腊化时代晚期及其后的时代,但可据以厘清晚出传世文献所记奥巴情况之时代属性,若与传世文献相参证,对于认识希腊化时代晚期及罗马统治时期奥巴在斯巴达之历史实情亦颇有助益.     

城镇化对农业农村的多维度影响——基于省际面板数据实证研究

基于面板数据，从综合系统-子系统-要素等三方面定量测度省域人口、土地与产业城镇化对农业农村发展的影响程度，深入剖析城镇化不同要素对农业与农村系统发展的作用机理。研究结果表明：①人口城镇化与产业城镇化对农业农村的影响更加明显，对农村生活系统影响的弹性系数大于1的地区比重分别为58.06%和64.52%；土地与产业城镇化对农业生产系统产生负向影响较为明显，弹性系数小于0的地区比重分别为29.03%和38.71%；②城镇化率、产业结构和建成区比重对人均耕地面积、乡村劳动力比重和人均粮食产量呈显著负相关，与农民人均纯收入、人均农业产值和单位面积机械动力呈显著正相关；③通过深入分析近30年省域城镇化对各地区农业农村发展的作用机理，对于新时期新型城镇化、农业农村转型发展等战略的贯彻落实具有重大的现实意义。     

Geographies of adult multigenerational family households in metropolitan Sydney

This paper investigates spatial trends of multigenerational adult families in metropolitan Sydney. Australia's immigrant gateway city, Sydney has high housing costs and infrastructure pressures, and planning policies support higher residential densities. In this context, the accommodation of persons living in multigenerational families is examined, by major region of origin, their geographies in Sydney, and by housing costs and constraints. Results highlight that cultural origins were influential in multigenerational household formations, and such formation is higher in areas of first and second ethnic community formation areas. Multigenerational living is also more common in middle ring and outer areas of cheaper housing. Implications are drawn for more nuanced housing policies in Sydney and comparable cities, given that detached and semi‐detached houses were favoured by these households, whereas two‐fifths of new housing constructed in Sydney in 2011 consists of two or less bedroom apartments.     

Pore pressure evolution and fluid flow during visco‐elastic single‐layer buckle folding

Pore pressure and fluid flow during the deformational history of geologic structures are directly influenced by tectonic deformation events. In this contribution, 2D plane strain finite element analysis is used to study the influence of different permeability distributions on the pore pressure field and associated flow regimes during the evolution of visco‐elastic single‐layer buckle folds. The buckling‐induced fluid flow regimes indicate that flow directions and, to a lesser degree, their magnitudes vary significantly throughout the deformation and as a function of the stratigraphic permeability distribution. The modelling results suggest that the volumetric strain and the permeability distribution significantly affect the resulting flow regime at different stages of fold development. For homogeneous permeability models (k > 10^?21 m²), low strain results in a mostly pervasive fluid flow regime and is in agreement with previous studies. For larger strain conditions, fluid focusing occurs in the buckling layer towards the top of the fold hinge. For low permeabilities (<10^?21 m²), local focused flow regimes inside the buckling layer emerge throughout the deformation history. For models featuring a low‐permeability layer embedded in a high‐permeability matrix or sandwiched between high‐permeability layers, focused flow regimes inside the folded layer result throughout the deformation history, but with significant differences in the flow vectors of the surrounding layers. Fluid flow vectors induced by the fold can result in different, even reversed, directions depending on the amount of strain. In summary, fluid flow regimes during single‐layer buckling can change from pervasive to focused and fluid flow vectors can be opposite at different strain levels, that is the flow vectors change significantly through time. Thus, a complete understanding of fluid flow regimes associated with single‐layer buckle folds requires consideration of the complete deformation history of the fold.