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961.
Carla Lancelotti Marco Madella P. Ajithprasad Cameron A. Petrie 《Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences》2010,2(4):307-320
This paper explores how mechanical properties of different South Asian tree taxa might influence charred wood fragmentation
and the composition of charcoal assemblages retrieved from archaeological contexts. The dataset is composed of selected plant
species that were collected in Gujarat (Northern India) in September 2007 as part of the North Gujarat Archaeological Project.
The taxa analysed represent the most common wood species found in the arid thorn scrubland formation in South Asia and are
among the most abundant identified in Neolithic and Chalcolithic archaeological sites in this area. The specimens have been
measured and subsequently charred at three different temperatures, under constant conditions. Afterwards, their resistance
to compression has been measured on two planes, parallel and perpendicular to the direction of fibres, using a Hounsfield
5-kN machine. The tests were performed in order to understand the different response to compressive stress of wood that has
been subject to a range of thermal degradations. The standardised treatment applied to the samples has permitted the comparison
of results and the delineation of simple correlations and divergences among the species analysed. Furthermore, the utilisation
of a relatively simple operating protocol easily allows the addition of further data in the future. The applied protocol was
specifically designed to answer archaeological questions. Therefore, even though from a material science point of view some
of the measurements were not taken according to the prevailing standard procedures, it offers valuable data for anthracological
research applied to archaeology in arid zones. 相似文献
962.
Effie F. Athanassopoulos 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2010,14(2):255-270
This paper examines the processes of settlement and abandonment of the medieval countryside as revealed by archaeological
surveys undertaken in southern Greece. The Nemea region, the focus of an intensive archaeological survey, serves as a case
study. Early archaeological surveys approached this time period primarily from a historical point of view. Political history
provided the textual frame while the archaeological data were expected to “fill in” the gaps of the historical record. In
contrast, in the last twenty-five years the second generation of surveys has taken an active interest in the archaeological
documentation of the medieval countryside. The settlement trends observed in Nemea are viewed as manifestations of a variety
of political, social, and economic processes. 相似文献
963.
Sabine Klein Gerhard Peter Brey Soodabeh Durali-Müller Yann Lahaye 《Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences》2010,2(1):45-56
Copper isotopes can be successfully used to determine the origin of copper or bronze artefacts from either primary or supergene
sulphide or hydrocarbonate ores. In conjunction with lead isotopes, they provide information on the origin and type of the
metal ore. We demonstrate this in this paper from the combination of literature and own data on metal ores and artefacts (coins
and ingots). Low-temperature hydrocarbonates (esp. malachite and azurite) do not fractionate the copper isotopes amongst each
other and have identical lead isotopes. Substantial fractionation of copper isotopes, however, occurs between copper sulphides
and hydrocarbonates (malachite, azurite) such that the 65Cu isotope is always enriched in the oxidised relative to the sulphide phase with a clear distinction between the two ore
types. Expressed in the δ65Cu notation, we assigned supergene sulphides to values less than −0.4‰ down to negative values of −2‰ and more, primary sulphides
to a range between −0.4 and +0.3‰ and hydrocarbonates to positive values higher than +0.3‰. We have applied these boundaries
to copper coins and ingots from the time of the Roman emperors with known ages from Augustus up to 250 AD. The deposit fields
of the metal used for the production of the coins were previously identified from the lead isotope ratios to lie in the Southwest
and the Central South of Spain. From the combination of the lead and copper isotopes and the exact time constrains, we could
develop a picture of the change in mining activities in Spain involving continued mining sulphide ore deposits and, indicated
by positive δ65Cu values as proxies for malachite and azurite, the opening of new mines in various time slots. This first application shows
that copper isotopes will become the most important tool in archaeometallurgy to distinguish between the exploitation of deeper-seated
primary and supergene sulphide ores and shallower, secondary hydrocarbonate ores. This will become especially relevant for
archaeometric questions regarding the distinction between occasional and intentionally produced alloys. 相似文献
964.
Matt Edgeworth 《Archaeologies》2010,6(1):138-149
It used to be the case that archaeological features and artifacts were principally on a human scale. But that familiar world
is changing fast. As archaeology extends its range of focus further forward in time its subject matter is moving beyond human
proportions. Developments in macro- and micro-engineering mean that artifacts are no longer limited in size by physical limitations
of the body. As scale and impact of material culture extends outwards and inwards in both macroscopic and microscopic directions,
the perspectives of contemporary archaeology must change in order to keep track. 相似文献
965.
Eric C. Kansa Sarah Whitcher Kansa Margie M. Burton Cindy Stankowski 《Archaeologies》2010,6(2):301-326
Primary data, though an essential resource for supporting authoritative archaeological narratives, rarely enters the public
record. Lack of primary data publication is also a major obstacle to cultural heritage preservation and the goals of cultural
resource management (CRM). Moreover, access to primary data is key to contesting claims about the past and to the formulation
of credible alternative interpretations. In response to these concerns, experimental systems have implemented a variety of
strategies to support online publication of primary data. Online data dissemination can be a powerful tool to meet the needs
of CRM professionals, establish better communication and collaborative ties with colleagues in academic settings, and encourage
public engagement with the documented record of the past. This paper introduces the ArchaeoML standard and its implementation
in the Open Context system. As will be discussed, the integration and online dissemination of primary data offer great opportunities
for making archaeological knowledge creation more participatory and transparent. However, different strategies in this area
involve important trade-offs, and all face complex conceptual, ethical, legal, and professional challenges. 相似文献
966.
Mesut Dinler 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2018,22(4):728-745
This paper investigates how archaeology functioned in Turkey from the nineteenth century until the end of the 1940s. In the nineteenth-century Ottoman world, an awareness was raised to acknowledge the power of patrimony. Amidst intense reforms to Westernize the empire, archaeological artifacts were used as a means of Europeanness. The Greek, Roman, and Byzantine pasts of the Ottoman lands were the focus of this era. The foundation of the Turkish Republic in 1923 marked the start of a new project to create a modern nation-state out of a centuries’ old Islamic dynasty. This project rewrote the history of Turkish nation in relation to prehistoric civilizations such as the Hittites and the Sumerians. Archaeology became the primary tool of the Republic to validate the renewed history. 相似文献
967.
Tiphaine Dachy François Briois Sylvie Marchand Mathilde Minotti Joséphine Lesur Michel Wuttmann 《African Archaeological Review》2018,35(4):531-566
Within the Egyptian Western Desert, the Kharga Oasis was a particularly favourable and highly frequented area during the Holocene thanks to a permanent ground water supply. The high concentration and accessibility of archaeological sites here allows the cultural and economic changes to be documented at a local scale, when northeastern Africa was experiencing strong climatic variations and the transition to a food production economy. An expansive program led by the Institut français d’archéologie orientale (IFAO) which included systematic survey, sampling collections, tests and stratigraphic excavations has dramatically increased the amount of data available concerning the prehistory of the Kharga Oasis. Typo-technological analyses focusing on the lithic industries, and other aspects of material culture, plus a series of 14C dates have led to the definition of four main successive cultural phases: Kharga A, B, C and D. This paper describes this proposal of a new archaeological sequence for human occupation in the Kharga Oasis and discusses its integration in the wider frame of Egypt and the Eastern Sahara. 相似文献
968.
Sarah Baitzel 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2018,25(1):178-201
Parental grief is an intense emotion shaped and mediated by cultural attitudes toward death, the strength of parent-child attachment, the age of the deceased child, and the role of children in society. Despite some assertions that high infant mortality or economic hardship may lessen parental grief, cross-cultural studies show that child death often causes emotional distress to parents, in particular mothers. Funerary treatments of children, especially infants, are often simplified, contradicting more immediate and immaterial expressions of parental grief that cannot be studied archaeologically. In this study, I examine the funerary treatment of children in ancient Andean Tiwanaku society (A.D. 500–1100). I assess the use of ritual practices and objects associated with children’s burials as indicative of children’s social identities and parental mourning. The nature of grave assemblages in regard to different ages of the children suggests that parental attitudes toward their children changed over the course of childhood. The choice of offerings seems to reflect parental attachment to and recognition of the child’s life. Modifications of ceramic vessels point to the intimate mourning gestures of grieving mothers who sought to provide their deceased children with the necessary offerings to assume their place among the community of venerated ancestors. This study draws on ethnographic, psychological, and ethnohistoric sources of parent-child bonds in the Andes and beyond to investigate children’s burials not merely as reflective of childhood and children’s role in society but as the material record of parental attachment and emotion in the past. 相似文献
969.
Roland Filzwieser Lis Helles Olesen Geert Verhoeven Esben Schlosser Mauritsen Wolfgang Neubauer Immo Trinks Milena Nowak Rebecca Nowak Petra Schneidhofer Erich Nau Manuel Gabler 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2018,25(2):313-333
The complementary use of various archaeological prospection data sets offers a series of new possibilities for the investigation of prehistoric settlements. In addition to the separate interpretations of the single methods, the implementation of image fusion provides an additional tool to obtain an even higher degree of data integration during the interpretation process. To investigate some possibilities and risks of image fusion, a procedure frequently used in the medical field but rarely applied in archaeology, various algorithms inside a dedicated MATLAB toolbox TAIFU (Toolbox for Archaeological Image FUsion) were tested on the geophysical prospection data from an Iron Age settlement near Vesterager in West Jutland, Denmark. The Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Prospection and Virtual Archaeology had conducted large-scale, high-resolution ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and magnetometry surveys at the site in 2014, based on its discovery by the Ringkøbing Museum through aerial photos and the results of a follow-up excavation in 2009. The aim was to determine if, and to what extent, geophysical prospection together with a novel integrative interpretational approach was able to add more detailed information to an already known prehistoric settlement. Results yielded a variety of deeper insights into the separate farms (dated to around AD 400), including the discovery of several new structures and more information about the construction of the longhouses, as well as a first suggestion on how to implement image fusion into the process of analysis and archaeological interpretation of geophysical data sets. 相似文献
970.
Paula L.W. Sabloff 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2018,25(2):426-452
Approaching warfare in pre-modern states from the perspective of risk reduction, we see that royal marriage was one strategy rulers used to reduce the probability that they would lose a war. Judicious marriage exchanges intensified and prolonged patron-client relations between rulers or between rulers and societal elites. Clientelism could affect the size and composition of their armies. The more warriors and troops one could field, the greater the chance of not losing a war (Otterbein 2004; LeBlanc 2006). Examination of eight pre-modern states suggests that their rulers used the same patterns of wife exchange even though most states developed independently. Marriage secured long-term patron-client relationships, which they used to support their military efforts. When rulers married their kin or married them to rulers outside the system (“foreigners”), they did not gain military support. Analysis of these marriage-military patterns reveals several characteristics of pre-modern states. First, marriage alliances helped rulers form networks of support that helped them win wars. Therefore, marriage—and by extension, royal women—is a key component to the study of warfare and a critical mechanism of network formation, as Blanton et al. (1996) write. Second, alliances were based on a different organizing principle from Levi-Strauss’ tribal societies, for rulers selected main wives (for themselves or their kin) based on relative rank rather than particular kinship ties. Third, marriage alliance reveals an important difference between alliance and patron-client relationships, a distinction that is often blurred in the archaeological literature. 相似文献