A new protocol for radiocarbon dating of hair and keratin type samples—application to an Andean mummy from the National Museum of Natural History in Paris

The protocol of preparation of keratinized samples (e.g. hair, furs …) for radiocarbon dating that we have developed is based on the selective extraction of keratin from the bulk part of the shaft (cortex). The aim of this method is to eliminate the cuticle which could contain exogenous carbon from external contaminations. The total treatment takes place as follows: a washing/dry cleaning, a soft treatment with diluted acidic and basic solutions (acid/alkali/acid method) similar to the protocol used for vegetal samples, extraction of keratin by reduction using dithiothreitol and precipitation with sodium deoxycholate and trichloroacetic acid. This method was applied on a hair sample from an Andean mummy, conserved in the collections of the Anthropology Laboratory of the National Museum of Natural History (Musée de l’Homme) in Paris, France. The results of two runs reveal that the mummy is dated to a period between the eleventh century and the first half of the twelfth century. It therefore belongs to the Late Intermediate period (900–1450?ad). The combination of historical research, the study of the body by computed tomography and the analysis of mineral deposits on the surface of the body provides clues to identify the geographical origin of the mummy. These investigations led to determine that the mummy comes from the region of Tarapacá in Chile and belongs to the cultural complex Pica-Tarapacá.     

Hobbes,Liberalism, and Political Technique

Hobbes is commonly treated as a foundational figure for liberalism. This familiar view relies on emphasizing his account of the relationship between rights bearing individuals and state power. By contrast, this essay centers the practical question of how to govern, and develops this perspective to both question Hobbes's supposed liberalism and to demonstrate the utility of construing liberalism as more than a set of philosophical arguments regarding subject-state relations. In particular, understanding liberalism in terms of political technique offers a new perspective on the relationship between liberalism and republicanism.     

I.M. Sechenov (1829 - 1905) and the scientific self-understanding for medical sciences

There is no discussion about the historic relevance of I. Sechenov for physiology and neurosciences as the "father of Russian modern physiology". But he is relevant for modern natural science too because of his basic epistemological and ontological work. He did not accept the up to now basic paradigm of "Ignorabimus" which can be seen as the reason to exclude even the generalizable aspects of individuality, creativity and spontaneity from natural science. He developed techniques for empirical based science to deal with materialistic and idealistic aspects of the comprehensive person the "ignoramus" according to the actual stay of knowledge and the acceptable ontologies. He demonstrated that ontologies ("paradigms") can be used as tools according to the given problem which should be solved. So Sechenov can be seen as a precursor of the so efficient philosophical positions of Einstein and Th. Kuhn. The stay of the art in physiology and neurosciences changed since the time of Sechenov dramatically. Therefore the philosophical positions of the 19th century should be discussed. Maybe this is indispensable for the needed linkage between materialistic and idealistic aspects of a person. For this the proposals of Sechenov are helpful up to now but nearly unknown. There is no discussion about the historic relevance of I. Sechenov as the "father of Russian physiology." But he is relevant for modern natural science too because of his epistemological and ontological work. He did not accept the up to now basic paradigm of "Ignorabimus" that can be seen as the reason to exclude even the generalizable aspects of individuality, creativity, and spontaneity from natural science. He demonstrated that ontologies ("paradigms") and epistemology can be used as tools according to the given problem. So Sechenov can be seen as a precursor of the so efficient philosophical positions of Einstein and Th. Kuhn. The state of the art changed dramatically. Therefore, the philosophical positions of the nineteenth century should be questioned. Maybe this is indispensable for the needed link between materialistic and idealistic aspects of a person as a whole. In this respect the proposals of Sechenov are helpful for medical science in the twenty-first century too but nearly unknown.     

‘A Local Terrorist Made Good’: the Callaghan government and the Arab–Israeli peace process, 1977–79

The British government had played an important role during the 1950s and 1960s as a mediator in the Arab–Israeli conflict, most notably through the development of Project Alpha between 1954 and 1956, and through the negotiation of United Nations Security Council resolution 242 in 1967. Between 1977 and 1979, British Prime Minister James Callaghan played a supporting role to US President Jimmy Carter as he negotiated the Camp David Accords of 1978. Callaghan adopted a pro-Israeli stance, cultivating close relations with the Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin and defending Begin’s position over key issues, particularly his reluctance to remove settlements from the occupied territories. In this respect Callaghan’s government departed from established British policy, even abstaining over United Nations Security Council resolution 446 in March 1979 which condemned continuing Israeli settlement activity. This resulted in damage to Britain’s relations with moderate Arab states such as Egypt and Jordan.     

Status of geoinformatics education and training in Sub-Saharan Africa: initiatives taken and challenges

This paper presents an update on some of the activities that have taken place since a World Bank report; “Guidelines for Education and Training in Environmental Information Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa: Some Key Issues” was published and provides details on the current situation. It shows how organizations such as the African Association on Remote Sensing of Environment, International Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, European Association of Remote Sensing Companies, Group on Earth Observation, and several others have helped to increase manpower resources in the region and strengthened institutional capacity in the field of geoinformatics, through capacity building, technology transfer, international cooperation and the provision of internal African resources. After reviewing what has happened in the field of geoinformatics education and training, we focused on current initiatives taken and challenges in five Sub-Saharan countries: Ethiopia, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. We reviewed GIS education and training in the private sector, government, information communications technology in higher education institutions, GIS application areas and challenges facing GIS education and training. Findings show that; change should involve education stakeholders in all levels of education and curriculum quality, regional and international cooperation through exchange programs, should be a priority for Sub-Saharan Africa countries.     

Searching for a Just and Lasting Peace? Anglo-American Relations and the Road to United Nations Security Council Resolution 242

United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 of 22 November 1967 continues to rank as a key point of reference for the Arab-Israeli peace process. The resolution laid down a ‘land for peace’ formula for the resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict, under which Israel would withdraw from territories occupied during the June 1967 Arab-Israeli War in exchange for full peace agreements with its Arab neighbours. This article analyses the Anglo-American diplomacy at the United Nations which led to the passing of the resolution. It argues that the policy-making of the Johnson administration was rendered incoherent by internal rivalries and disorganisation. US Ambassador to the UN, Arthur Goldberg, was perceived as excessively sympathetic to Israel by the Arab delegations. The British approach, by contrast, was perceived by all parties as more even-handed. The clear position adopted by Foreign Secretary George Brown on Israeli withdrawal from the occupied territories, together with the skilful diplomacy of the Ambassador to the UN, Lord Caradon, explains the British success in sponsoring Resolution 242. The episode holds broader lessons for the conduct of Anglo-American relations showing that Britain was better placed to achieve diplomatic success when it retained its freedom of manoeuvre in relations with the United States.     

The Scotch Fisher Child

AN EGG AT EASTER, A FOLKLORE STUDY. By VENETIA NEWALL. Routledge and Kegan Paul. £6. Reviewed by K. M. Briggs.

MYTH, LEGEND AND CUSTOM IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. A Comparative Study with Chapters from Sir James G. Frazer's Folklore in the Old Testament. By THEODOR H. GASTER. Harper &; Row, New York, 1969. Pp. 899. $20.00. Reviewed by E. O. James.

OUR LIVING TRADITIONS. An Introduction to American Folklore. Edited by TRISTRAM POTTER COFFIN. Basic Books, Inc. 1968. Pp. 301. $6.50. Reviewed by Theo Brown.

THE BALLAD AS SONG. By BERTRAND HARRIS BRONSON. University of California Press. Berkeley &; Los Angeles, 1969. Pp. 344. $7.95. Reviewed by Maud Karpeles.

THE PLEASANT LAND OF IRELAND. By K. DANAHER. Cork (Mercier Press) 1970. Pp. 88. 55 ills., 1 map. Reviewed by Ellen Ettlinger.

CAMBRIDGESHIRE CUSTOMS AND FOLKLORE. By ENID PORTER. With Fenland Material provided by W. H. Barrett. Routledge &; Kegan Paul, 1969. Pp. 419. Plates 78 and Map. £5.25. Reviewed by Theo Brown.

GREEN HILLS OF MAGIC. WEST VIRGINIA FOLKTALES FROM EUROPE. By RUTH ANN MUSICK. The University Press of Kentucky. $7.50. Reviewed by K. M. Briggs.

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF EXMOOR. Bideford Bay to Bridgwater. By L. V. GRINSELL. David &; Charles, 1970. With 23 plates, 5 drawings in text, and 8 maps in two colours. Pp. 242. £3. Reviewed by Theo Brown.

SACHGÜTER UND LEBENSFORMEN. Einführung in die materielle Kulturgeschichte des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit. Grundlagen der Germanistik vol. n. By D. W. H. SCHWARZ. Berlin (Erich Schmidt Verlag) 1970. Pp. 244; 7 illustrations.Reviewed by Ellen Ettlinger.

JAHRBUCH FÜR VOLKSLIED-FORSCHUNG. Vol. XV. Edited by R. W. BREDNICH. Berlin (Erich Schmidt Verlag) 1970. Pp. 225, 2 plates, 6 tunes and 4 maps. Reviewed by Ellen Ettlinger.

TRADITIONS AND HEARTHSIDE STORIES OF WEST CORNWALL. By William Bottrell. 2nd Edition published by Frank Graham, 1970. Pp. 275 and Index. £2.50. Reviewed by Theo Brown.

STORIES TOLD BY THE AZTECS BEFORE THE SPANIARDS CAME. By Carleton Beals. Abelard-Schuman. £1.40. Reviewed by K. M. Briggs.

STARS IS GOD'S LANTERNS. An Offering of Ozark Tellin' Stories. By Charles Moreau Wilson. University of Oklahoma Press. $4.95. Reviewed by K. M. Briggs.