文化相遇的方法论:以17世纪中欧文化相遇为例

本文以他者哲学为出发点,结合文化传播学的理论,研究文化相遇历史的方法论。作者首先讨论了曾应用于明末清初中欧文化相遇研究的三种不同框架:一是以传播者(即传教士)及其贡献、影响为主体的传播类框架;二是以文化传播的接受者为研究主体的接受类框架(如"中国中心观");三是创新类框架,指向接受者及其文化的形象是被文化传播者建构出来的这一符号事实;随后提出了第四种互动交流类框架,通过强调传播者、接受者互动过程的双向性,对前三类框架做出进一步的改进。作者认为,研究关注的主要焦点,应是传播者与接受者之间交换的结果:新的文化产品(一种文本、一个形象,或是社会网络)。历史研究实际上是"关于他者的艺术",通过它历史学家接受自己的身份也是被他者所塑造的。对他时、他地、他文化的文化重构不仅需要历史学家去观察,历史学家自身也要允许被观察。     

Enquête sur L’Atelier D’Un Compositeur de Musique Contemporaine

How can the «technical medium» of the contemporary composer be identified? In order to suggest an answer, we invoke a study written in collaboration with Jacques Theureau concerning the compositional activity of Philippe Leroux. Through a reconstruction of the genesis of his work Voi(rex), we observed a constant interpenetration of several technical and technological layers dating from radically different areas, parts of which can be linked directly with Weberian preoccupations. An analysis of the details of Leroux’s compositional operations and their technical environment allows us to grasp the (re)productive dynamic of an as yet unnamed technical medium.     

Broca and Charcot’s Research on Jacques Inaudi:The Psychological and Anthropological Study of a Mental Calculator

In the nineteenth century, French scientific institutions became interested in young “mental calculators,” arithmetical prodigies able to quickly and accurately perform complex mental calculations. The first scientists to study mental calculators were phrenologists who sought to prove the existence of a calculating organ in the frontal lobe. Paul Broca introduced one such mental calculator, Jacques Inaudi, to the Anthropological Society of Paris in 1880. Broca attributed extraordinary faculty for mental calculation to memory functioning (the psychological hypothesis) rather than physiological difference (the phrenological hypothesis). In 1892, prominent French Academy of Sciences member Jean-Martin Charcot produced a noteworthy study of Inaudi on the organization’s behalf. Charcot observed that Inaudi called upon auditory memory rather than visual memory in his mental calculations, unlike most mental calculators who preceded him. Like Broca, Charcot was skeptical of the phrenological hypothesis, though he noted that Inaudi’s skull was markedly plagiocephalic. Interestingly, anthropological examination of Inaudi is consistent with the themes of modern cognitive neuroscience. Thus, Charcot seems to have anticipated present research on the localization of mental calculation and memory for numbers.     

Herds for the Gods? Selection Criteria and Herd Management at the Mass Sacrifice Site of Huanchaquito-Las Llamas During the Chimú Period,Northern Coast of Peru

ABSTRACT

The discovery of the sacrificial remains of 140 children and 206 camelids sacrificed at the site of Huanchaquito-Las Llamas, on the northern coast of Peru, has provided new data on mass sacrifice practices during the Chimú period. The exceptional state of preservation of the camelids, including the presence of coats and hides, opens new research perspectives on the utilisation of animals in ritual contexts. This article will focus on the results of the zooarchaeological analysis, particularly of mortality profiles and coat colour, to address the criteria used to select the sacrificial victims. Young individuals were exclusively selected, and while there is a majority of brown coats, three colours that are present in modern herds are absent at Huanchaquito. This reveals the preferential choice made by the Chimú officiants for this sacrifice. A spatial analysis did not reveal preferences in the organisation of the deposits. The killing of the youngest cohort of the livestock probably had an impact on the whole livestock. This suggests the existence of large herds that were controlled by the Chimú empire. Our results provide additional insights into the management of camelid herds and show the complexity of pastoralism on the pacific coast during pre-Hispanic times.