日本史学中“近世”概念的流变

日本史学中“近世”一词,出现于江户时代,原是当时人自指,即“最近时代”之义。明治维新之后,“近世”所指时代仍为江户时代,其涵义则与近代对立,以至于被归入中世"第二次世界大战后史学的发展使近世得以脱离中世范畴,被视为一个独立时代概念。而在地域研究和近代化论兴起的背景下,近世与当代的关系得到强调,近世的内涵又出现了“最近时代”的意味。“近世”概念出现至今,经历了变义、独立而回归的过程"     

The Sociopolitics of Archaeology in Quebec: Regional Developments within Global Trends

In the 1960s, archaeology was a newcomer to Quebec’s cultural francophone scene, and commercial archaeology made its first appearance at the end of the 1970s. Today, in a context of global chronic economic crisis, we intend to examine the effects of provincial and federal ideological and economic trends on the praxis of archaeology in Quebec. These include a progressive deregulation of the public sector by weakening the institutions through the termination of archaeological posts or/and non-replacement of retired archaeologists, and a progressive disengagement of the public sector through conditional regulation, accompanied by a lax attitude towards entrepreneurs, and stickler regulations for archaeologists. We present a series of current issues and examples in Quebec archaeology which illustrate these trends, in particular two case studies occurring in Montreal and Northern Quebec, respectively.     

Quantification of slag heap volumes and masses through the use of induced polarization: application to the Castel-Minier site

When used for archaeological purposes, geophysical methods are often useful for the exploration, detection and mapping of archaeological remains. In the case of ancient metallurgical activities, slag accumulations form precious mineral records of these activities. Evaluating the volume of slag produced in such locations is an important issue, since it enables an estimate of the amount of metal produced in the smeltery. Unfortunately, slags themselves cannot be easily detected by DC electrical methods. Although they can be easily detected using magnetic techniques, these methods do not allow for an estimate of the quantity of slag, because magnetic fields do not conserve magnetic flux. In the present study we show that the Induced Polarization method (IP) is suited to the quantification of buried slags, provided the slag response has been suitably calibrated prior to the field measurements. The ability to quantify the quantity of slag is based on the quasi-linear relationship between the main IP parameter, i.e., the chargeability, and the slag concentration. This approach provides a new, non-invasive tool for the estimation of the volume of buried slag in palaeometallurgical sites.In this paper, an application of this technique for the site of Castel-Minier, Ariège, France, is presented.     

Continental Patterns in Stone Tools: A Technological and Biplot-Based Comparison of Early Late Pleistocene Assemblages from Northern and Southern Africa

The technology of the end products i.e. blades and points in Late Pleistocene stone artefact assemblages from Klasies River, South Africa, and the Nile Valley, Egypt, are compared. The comparison includes univariate and multivariate analysis of metrical attributes enhanced by graphical biplot displays. The end products in these assemblages are either dominantly points or blades and this is related to the core reduction strategy adopted. The MSA 11 from Klasies River and the Nubian Complex industry from the Nile Valley are point industries made in the Levallois tradition, while the MSA 1 from Klasies River and the Taramsan from the Nile Valley may be non-Levallois or adapted Levallois blade industries. Dating of the assemblages shows the changes between dominant core reduction strategies are sequential and time restricted in both South and North Africa. It is concluded that variability of the same kind occurs in Middle Stone Age and Middle Palaeolithic assemblages south and north of the Sahara in the early Late Pleistocene.Dans cet article, les technologies des produits recherchés, des lames et des pointes, pour certains ensembles lithiques de Klasies River, Afrique du Sud et la Vallée du Nil, Egypte, sont comparées. Cette comparaison implique des analyses univariées et multivariées de variables métriques biplot. Les produits recherchés sont bien des pointes que des lames, selon les stratégies dexploitation adoptées. Le MSA II de Klasies River et le Complexe nubien de la Vallée du Nil sont des industries à pointes issues de la tradition Levallois. Par contre, le MSA I de Klasies River et le Taramsien de la Vallée du Nil évoquent une technologie de production non-Levallois ou Levallois modifiée. Les éléments de datation disponibles indiquent que les changements dans la prépondérance des stratégies dexploitation senchaînent dans une séquence chronologique bien identifiable, aussibien dans lAfrique du Sud que lAfrique du Nord. On arrive à la conclusion quune variabilité du même caractère est attestée dans les ensembles du Middle Stone Age et du Paléolithique moyen au sud et au nord du Sahara, pendant le Pléistocène supérieur ancien.