Explaining Canada–US Differences in Attitudes Toward Crime and Justice: An Empirical Test of S.M. Lipset’s Account

Despite cultural similarities between Canada and the United States, some observers contend that significant differences remain in attitudes and values between the two countries. For example, Lipset has observed that “efforts to distinguish Canada and the United States almost invariably point to the greater respect for law and order and those who uphold it north of the border”. Lipset’s argument is that Canadian values are based on the nation’s founding principles of “Peace, Order and Good Government” while American values stem from the country’s revolutionary origins and are based on the values of “Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness.” We test Lipset’s observations, and those of some of his critics, using parallel surveys administered to university students in two institutions on either side of the Canada–US border. This is a very demanding test of his arguments so the supportive evidence we uncover for his arguments is significant.     

Recent developments in the analysis of lithic artifacts

A review of recent research on lithic technology and functional analysis is presented. Our perception of the state of the art is based on a review of the literature published during the past three years and on the topics that were covered at conferences and workshops on lithic analysis. While the goals have essentially remained the same since the turn of the century, concerns with chronology and the classification of lithic artifacts have given way to studies that treat stone implements as products of a dynamic system of human behavior. In order to understand stone artifacts and the people that made and used them, archaeologists must understand theprocesses involved in the acquisition, production, exchange, and consumption of lithic artifacts. In the past ten years, experimental studies involving the manufacturing and use of stone tools have been integrated with studies of refitted or conjoined lithic artifacts and microwear analysis. The result is a much more dynamic view of the variability in assemblages of lithic artifacts. In this review, we focus on replication and technological analysis of chipped stone artifacts and microwear analysis, and consider the implications of this research.     

New Light on the Medieval Gough Map of Britain

Remarkably little is known about the earliest surviving separate-sheet medieval map of Britain that takes its name from its former owner, Richard Gough (1735–1809), and that has been variously dated to between 1300 and 1400, and later. It presents a sophisticated cartographical image at a time when detailed maps of individual regions were almost unknown in Europe, yet nothing is agreed about its possible origins, context (ecclesiastical or secular), or why and how it was compiled. In the belief that historical interpretation has to stem from an intimate knowledge of the map as artefact—the state of the parchment, nature of the inks, palaeography—as well as image, an informal study group of historians and scientists (the Gough Map Panel) was convened in 2012 to examine the map through high resolution digital reproduction, hyperspectral analysis, three-dimensional analysis and Raman pigment analysis. Although the study is still ongoing, much that is new has been discovered, notably about the way features were marked on the map, Gough’s application to the map of a damaging reagent to render place-names readable, and the extent to which the original map (now dated to c.1400), although never completed, was nonetheless reworked on two different occasions in the fifteenth century, effectively creating two further maps. These and other findings are summarized here to encourage the further study of the map’s features that is needed before it can be fully understood.     

Reviews of Books

PRADEEP P. BARUA. The State at War in South Asia. Lincoln, NB and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2005. Pp. xvi, 437. $65.00 (US). Reviewed by Ashley J. Tellis

SASKIA SASSEN. Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006. Pp. xiv, 493. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Richard W. Mansbach

BENJAMIN A. ELMAN. On Their Own Terms: Seience in China, 1550–1900. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2005. Pp. xxxviii, 567. $55.00 (US). Reviewed by John B. Henderson

ISTVAN HONT. Jealousy of Trade: International Competition and the Nation-State in Historical Perspective. Cambridge, MA and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005. Pp. xviii, 541. $49.95 (US). Reviewed by David W. Bates

LIAM CHAMBERS. Michael Moore, c.1639–1726: Provost of Trinity, Rector of Paris. Dublin and Portland, OR: Four Courts Press, 2005. Pp. 160. $55.00 (US). Reviewed by Nicholas Canny

MEGAN VAUGHAN. Creating the Creole Island: Slavery in Eighteenth-Century Mauritius. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2005. Pp. xiv, 341. $23.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Anthony J. Barker

GEOFFREY PLANK. Rebellion and Savagery: The Jacobite Rising of 1745 and the British Empire. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006. Pp. 259. $39.95 (US). Reviewed by Paul Monod

B. W. HIGMAN. Plantation Jamaica, 1750–1850: Capital and Control in a Colonial Economy. Kingston, Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press, 2005; dist. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. Pp. xiv, 386. $65.00 (US). Reviewed by Michael Craton

NICHOLAS B. DIRKS. The Scandal of Empire: India and the Creation of Imperial Britain. Cambridge, MA and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006. Pp. xviii, 389. $27.95 (US). Reviewed by Martha McL

SUJIT SIVASUNDARAM. Nature and the Godly Empire: Science and Evangelical Mission in the Pacific, 1795–l850. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. xi, 244. $80.00 (US). Reviewed by John Stenhouse

PETER BECKER and RICHARD F. WETZELL, eds. Criminals and Their Scientists: The History of Criminology in International Perspective. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pp. xiii, 492. $85.00 (US). Reviewed by Clive Emsley

IAN BAUCOM. Specters of the Atlantic: Finance Capital, Slavery, and the Philosophy of History. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2005. Pp. x, 387. $23.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by J. R. Oldfield

SUGATA BOSE. A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2006. Pp. xii, 333. $27.95 (US). Reviewed by Kenneth McPherson

MARTIN KITCHEN. A History of Modern Germany, 1800–2000. Maiden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2006. Pp. xi, 455. $39.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Lawrence D. Stokes

MATT K. MATSUDA. Empire of Love: Histories of France and the Pacific. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2005. Pp. vi, 232. $113.95 (CDN). Reviewed by Joseph Zizek

DONG WANG. China's Unequal Treaties: Narrating National History. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2005. Pp. x, 177. $60.00 (US). Reviewed by J. Y. Wong

AMIRIA J. M. HENARE. Museums, Anthropology, and Imperial Exchange. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. xix, 323. $80.00 (US). Reviewed by Miriam Kahn

LEO LUCASSEN. The Immigrant Threat: The Integration of Old and New Migrants in Western Europe since 1850. Urbana and Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2005. Pp. viii, 277. $25.00 (us), paper. Reviewed by Russell King

ROBERT W. RYDELL and ROB KROES. Buffalo Bill in Bologna: The Americanization of the World, 1869–1922. Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press, 2005. Pp. xii, 209. $26.00 (US). Reviewed by Joy S. Kasson

LÁSZLÓ BENCZE. The Occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878, ed. Frank N. Schubert. Boulder, CO: Center for Hungarian Studies, 2006; dist. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Pp. xi, 403. $50.00 (US). Reviewed by Scott W. Lackey

PAUL A. KRAMKR. The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, and the Philippines. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2006. Pp. xii, 538. $26.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Kristin Hoganson

JOHN LAWRENCE TONE. War and Genocide in Cuba, 1895–1898. Chapel Hill, NC and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2006. Pp. xiii, 338. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Christopher Schmidt-Nowara

GODFREY HODGSON. Woodrow Wilson's Right Hand: The Life of Colonel Edward M. House. New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press, 2006. Pp. xiv, 335. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by John A. Thompson

KEITH DAVID WATENPAUGH. Being Modern in the Middle East: Revolution, Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Arab Middle Class. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006. Pp. xi, 325. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Donald Malcolm Reid

HYUN OK PARK. TWO Dreams in One Bed: Empire, Social Life, and the Origins of the North Korean Revolution in Manchuria. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2005. Pp. xix, 314. $23.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by David Wolff

WILLIAM N. TILCHIN and CHARLES E. NEU, eds. Artists of Power: Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and Their Enduring Impact on US Foreign Policy. West-port, CT: Praeger, 2006. Pp. xxv, 196. $139.95 (US). Reviewed by Lloyd E. Ambrosius

D. K. FIELDHOUSE. Western Imperialism in the Middle East, 1914–1958. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2006. Pp. vii,376. $195.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Roger Owen

ROBERT A. DOUGHTY. Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2005. Pp. xiii, 578. $39.95(US). Reviewed by Robert J. Young

ELIZABETH GREENHALGH. Victory through Coalition: Britain and France during the First World War. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. xvi, 304. $88.95 (US). Reviewed by David French

DAVID R. WOODWARD. Hell in the Holy Land: World War I in the Middle East. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2006. Pp. xiii, 253. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Mary C. Wilson

KEITH NEILSON. Britain, Soviet Russia, and the Collapse of the Versailles Order, 1919–1939. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pp. x, 379. $85.00 (US). Reviewed by Michael Jabara Carley

EDWARD I. STEINHART. Black Poachers, White Hunters: A Social History of Hunting in Colonial Kenya. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2006. Pp. viii, 248. $49.95 (US). Reviewed by Reuben M. Matheka

REIDAR VISSER. Basra, the Failed Gulf State: Separatism, and Nationalism in Southern Iraq. Minister: Lit Verlag, 2006; dist. Somerset, NJ: Transaction Publishers. Pp. x, 238. $39.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Peter Sluglett

AMOS NADAN. The Palestinian Peasant Economy under the Mandate: A Story of Colonial Bungling. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2006. Pp. xl, 370. $19.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Martin Bunton

JAMES J. BARNES and PATIENCE P. BARNES. Nazis in Pre-War London, 1930–1939: The Fate and Role of German Party Members and British Sympathizers. Brighton and Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press, 2005. Pp. x, 283. $67.50 (US). Reviewed by David Renton

MARK METZLER. Lever of Empire: The International Gold Standard and the Crisis of Liberalism, in Pretvar Japan. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 2006. Pp. xxii, 370. $49.95 (US). Reviewed by Janet Hunter

GLYN A. STONE. Spain, Portugal, and the Great Powers, 1931–1941. Basingstoke and New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. Pp. xiii, 316. $55.00 (US). Reviewed by David A. Messenger

VICTOR ROTHWELL. War Aims in the Second World War: The War Aims of the Major Belligerents, 1939–45. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006; dist. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Pp. 244. $25.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Anthony Adamthwaite

WOLFRAM WETTE. The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality, trans. Deborah Lucas Schneider. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2006. Pp. xvii,372. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Martin Kitchen

PETER KENEZ. Hungary from the Nazis to the Soviets: The Establishment of the Communist Regime in Hungary, 1944–1948. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pp. ix,3i2. $75.00 (US). Reviewed by Bennett Kovrig

EMIKO OHNUKI-TIERNEY. Kamikaze Diaries: Reflections of Japanese Student Soldiers. Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press, 2006. Pp. xviii, 227. $25.00 (US). Reviewed by F. G. Notehelfer

RICHARD J. GOLSAN. French Writers and the Politics of Complicity: Crises of Democracy in the 1940s and 1990s. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006. Pp. x, 198. $55.00 (US). Reviewed by Donald Reid

BRIAN T. EDWARDS. Morocco Bound: Disorienting America's Maghreb, from Casablanca to the Marrakech Express. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2005. Pp. xv, 366. $23.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Moshe Gershovich

BRUCE KUKLICK. Blind Oracles: Intellectuals and War from Kennan to Kissinger. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006. Pp. 241. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Richard C. Thornton

JOHN H. BARTON, JUDITH L. GOLDSTEIN, TIMOTHY E.JOSLING, and RICHARD H. STEINBERG. The Evolution of the Trade Regime: Politics, Law, and Economics of the GATT and the WTO. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006. Pp. xiv, 242. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Alfred E. Eckes

PETER MANGOLD. The Almost Impossible Ally: Harold Macmillan and Charles De Gaulle. London and New York, NY: I. B. Tauris, 2006. Pp. vi, 275. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Alan Sharp

GUY BEN-PORAT. Global Liberalism, Local Populism: Peace and Conflict in Israel/Palestine and Northern Ireland. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2006. Pp.xii, 327. $29.95(US). Reviewed by Mary Ann Heiss

ANDREW PRESTON. The War Council: McGeorge Bundy, the NSC, and Vietnam. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2006. Pp. xi, 320. $49.95 (US). Reviewed by Marilyn B. Young

WARREN I. COHEN. America's Failing Empire: US Foreign Relations since the Cold War. Malden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2005 Pp. 204. $21.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Andrew J. Bacevich

KEITH A. HANSEN. The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty: An Insider's Perspective. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006. Pp. xix, 233. $24.95 (US). Reviewed by Michael Krepon

SHAHRAM AKBARZADEH. Uzbekistan and the United States: Authoritarianism, Islamism, and Washington's Security Agenda. London and New York, NY: Zed Books, 2005; dist. Basingstoke and New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. Pp. xiv, 166. $19.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Jeff Sahadeo

GLYN MORGAN. The Idea of a European Superstate: Public Justification and European Integration. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2005. Pp. xii, 204. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Dario Castiglione

ELLEN LUST-OKAR. Structuring Conflict in the Arab World: Incumbents, Opponents, and Institutions. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. xvi, 279. $100.95 (US). Reviewed by Raymond Hinnebusch

FAWAZ A. GERGES. The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. xii, 345. $27.00 (US). Reviewed by John Obert Voll

PETER ALEXIS GOUREVITCH and JAMES J. SHINN. Political Power and Corporate Control: The New Global Politics of Corporate Governance. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2005. Pp. xvii, 344. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Randall Morck

PHILIP D. CURTIN. On the Fringes of History: A Memoir. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2005. Pp. xi, 193. $24.95 (US). Reviewed by Ralph A. Austen

JEFFREY W. LEGRO. Rethinking the World: Great Power Strategies and International Order. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 2005. Pp. xii, 253. $39.95 (US). Reviewed by Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Jr.     

Economic despondency and social division: A political review of the year, 1996

Verschave, F. X., La Françafrique. Le plus long scandale de la république (Stock 1998). 379 pp. 130F ISBN 2 234 04948 2

Gourévitch, J.‐P., L'Afrique, le fric la France. L'aide, la dette, l'immigration, l'avenir: vérités et mensonges (Le pré aux Clercs, 1997) 372 pp., 110F. ISBN 2 84228 022 9     

Bad news from an aberrant city: a critical analysis of the British press's portrayal of organised crime and the refuse crisis in Naples

This article examines the coverage of Naples since 2000 in the Guardian and the Independent, paying particular attention to their portrayal of the Camorra and the refuse crisis. It argues that this coverage was not simply riddled with stereotypes but was also characterised by significant inaccuracies and omissions. Analysts in Italy have detailed how the trash emergency in 2008 was the outcome of corporate malpractice and institutional complicity and that organised crime, although intent on exploiting the situation, was not a determining factor. The British press, instead, tended to conflate the breakdown of the urban waste cycle with the dumping of toxic waste and, by inverting cause and effect, to point the blame at the Camorra. These accounts, it is argued, are partially explained by the very nature of foreign news that seeks out dramatic and clear-cut stories for an otherwise disinterested audience. They also reflect the heightened interest in the Camorra following the Secondigliano War and the English translation of Roberto Saviano's Gomorrah. However, the article suggests that it is the press's assumption that Naples is already an ‘out of the ordinary’ urban setting that ultimately precludes the possibility of an informed coverage of the city and its predicaments.     

Book reviews

Frontiers

Poststructualist geographies: the diabolical art of spatial science. Marcus Doel. Pp. ix + 229. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999. Price: £45.00 (hbk), £14.95 (pbk). ISBN 0 226 48720 2 (hbk), ISBN 0 226 48721 0 (pbk).

Sleight‐of‐hand

New works in geography

Geography and enlightenment. Edited by David N. Livingstone & Charles W.J. Withers. Pp.viii + 455. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press, 1999. Price £17.50 (pbk), £36.50 (hbk). ISBN 0 226 48721 0 (pbk), ISBN 0 226 48721 2 (hbk).

Secure from rash assault. Sustaining the Victorian environment. James Winter. Pp. xi + 342. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. Price: £ 24.95 (hbk). ISBN 0 520 21609 1.

Perspectives on British rural planning policy, 1994–97. Andrew W. Gilg. Pp. viii + 154. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999. Price £35.00 (hbk). ISBN 1 85972 641 0 (hbk).

Exploring contemporary migration. Paul Boyle, Keith Halfacree & Vaughan Robinson. Pp. 272. London: Longman, 1998. Price £18.99 (pbk). ISBN 0 58225 161 3.

Focus on Scotland

Urban highlanders: Highland‐lowland migration and urban Gaelic culture, 1700–1900. Charles W.J. Withers. Pp. 271. East Linton: Tuckwell Press, 1998. Price £20.00 (pbk). ISBN 1 86232 040 5.

Girls in trouble: sexuality and social control in rural Scotland, 1660–1780. Rosalind Mitchison & Leah Leneman. Pp. viii + 144. Edinburgh: Scottish Cultural Press, 1998. £10.95 (pbk). ISBN 1 898218 89 7 (pbk).

Girls in trouble: sexuality and social control in urban Scotland, 1660–1780. Rosalind Mitchison & Leah Leneman. Pp. viii + 164. Edinburgh: Scottish Cultural Press, 1998. £12.95 (pbk). ISBN 1 898218 90 0 (pbk).