The spiral that vanished: the application of non-contact recording techniques to an elusive rock art motif at Castlerigg stone circle in Cumbria

This article describes the recording of stone 11 of the Castlerigg stone circle in Cumbria through two different non-contact techniques: laser scanning and ground-based remote sensing. Despite the unproblematic recording of modern graffiti, neither technique was able to document the spiral photographed and rubbed in 1995. It is concluded that the spiral was most probably painted and has since faded away due to natural events. The discovery and loss of the spiral motif in Castlerigg is seen as a cautionary tale. In particular, it seems to suggest that it is time to take advantage of the novel technologies based on the digitisation of 3D surfaces with millimetre and submillimetre accuracy such as laser scanning and ground-based remote sensing. They offer many advantages to the recording of prehistoric carvings. In addition to avoiding direct contact with the rock surface eliminating the preservation concerns raised by other techniques, both produce high quality images (laser scanning offering a greater potential for this, but at higher cost) having a much higher level of objectivity, and precision and accuracy far beyond those of traditional recording methods such as wax rubbings and scale drawings.     

Northumbria's southern frontier: a review

Northumbria's southern frontier was arguably the most important political boundary inside pre‐Viking England. It has, however, attracted little scholarly attention since Peter Hunter Blair's seminal article in Archaeo‐logia Aeliana in 1948, which later commentators have generally followed rather uncritically. This essay reviews his arguments in the light of more recent research and casts doubt on several key aspects of his case: firstly, it contests his view that this boundary was fundamental to the naming of both southern and northern England and its kingdoms; secondly, it queries the supposition that the Roman Ridge dyke system is likely to have been a Northumbrian defensive work; thirdly, it critiques the view that the Grey Ditch, at Bradwell, formed part of the frontier; and, finally, it argues against the boundary in the west being along the River Ribble. Rather, pre‐Viking Northumbria more probably included those parts of the eleventh‐century West Riding of Yorkshire which lie south of the River Don, with a frontier perhaps often identical to that at Domesday, and it arguably met western Mercia not on the Ribble but on the Mersey. It was probably political developments in the tenth century, and particularly under Edward the Elder and his son Athelstan, that led to the Mercian acquisition of southern Lancashire and the development of a new ecclesiastical frontier between the sees of Lichfield and York on the Ribble, in a period that also saw the York archdiocese acquire northern Nottinghamshire.     

An Anatomy of Spatial Planning: Coming to Terms with the Spatial Element in UK Planning

“Spatial planning” is a phrase that now resonates throughout many planning systems across the globe. It is being used as a label to describe pan-national, regional, strategic and even aspects of local planning processes. Within the UK, spatial planning is being utilized alongside, or even in place of, more traditional phraseology associated with planning, such as “town and country planning”. It is being used by a range of institutions of the State, professional groups and academic commentators to describe the processes of planning reform, modernization, policy integration, and strategic governance that politically are now required to make planning fit for purpose in the 21st century. The precise meaning and definition of spatial planning remains difficult to pin down, as does its origins within the UK. This paper attempts to dissect the various components of the spatial planning phrase and set out the meaning and origins of the term in the UK context. It covers re-territorialization, Europeanization and integration origins of spatial planning thinking and provides a conceptual, rather than practical, debate on the anatomy of spatial planning, situated within ongoing processes of institutional transformation, through the lens of governance and distinctiveness in state policy development.     

Economic despondency and social division: A political review of the year, 1996

Verschave, F. X., La Françafrique. Le plus long scandale de la république (Stock 1998). 379 pp. 130F ISBN 2 234 04948 2

Gourévitch, J.‐P., L'Afrique, le fric la France. L'aide, la dette, l'immigration, l'avenir: vérités et mensonges (Le pré aux Clercs, 1997) 372 pp., 110F. ISBN 2 84228 022 9     

Imago Mundi Bibliography

 

The information supplied by National Representatives has been supplemented from other sources. Readers are urged to send information, press releases, exhibition catalogues, etc. directly to the Chronicle Editor, Imago Mundi, 76 Ockendon Road, London N1 3NW, UK (tony@tonycampbell.info), so that the next Chronicle can be as complete as possible. Chronicle considers all information that is current or historical at its closing date. Events after 2018 are not included.     

Reviews of Books

PRADEEP P. BARUA. The State at War in South Asia. Lincoln, NB and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2005. Pp. xvi, 437. $65.00 (US). Reviewed by Ashley J. Tellis

SASKIA SASSEN. Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006. Pp. xiv, 493. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Richard W. Mansbach

BENJAMIN A. ELMAN. On Their Own Terms: Seience in China, 1550–1900. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2005. Pp. xxxviii, 567. $55.00 (US). Reviewed by John B. Henderson

ISTVAN HONT. Jealousy of Trade: International Competition and the Nation-State in Historical Perspective. Cambridge, MA and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005. Pp. xviii, 541. $49.95 (US). Reviewed by David W. Bates

LIAM CHAMBERS. Michael Moore, c.1639–1726: Provost of Trinity, Rector of Paris. Dublin and Portland, OR: Four Courts Press, 2005. Pp. 160. $55.00 (US). Reviewed by Nicholas Canny

MEGAN VAUGHAN. Creating the Creole Island: Slavery in Eighteenth-Century Mauritius. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2005. Pp. xiv, 341. $23.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Anthony J. Barker

GEOFFREY PLANK. Rebellion and Savagery: The Jacobite Rising of 1745 and the British Empire. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006. Pp. 259. $39.95 (US). Reviewed by Paul Monod

B. W. HIGMAN. Plantation Jamaica, 1750–1850: Capital and Control in a Colonial Economy. Kingston, Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press, 2005; dist. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. Pp. xiv, 386. $65.00 (US). Reviewed by Michael Craton

NICHOLAS B. DIRKS. The Scandal of Empire: India and the Creation of Imperial Britain. Cambridge, MA and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006. Pp. xviii, 389. $27.95 (US). Reviewed by Martha McL

SUJIT SIVASUNDARAM. Nature and the Godly Empire: Science and Evangelical Mission in the Pacific, 1795–l850. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. xi, 244. $80.00 (US). Reviewed by John Stenhouse

PETER BECKER and RICHARD F. WETZELL, eds. Criminals and Their Scientists: The History of Criminology in International Perspective. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pp. xiii, 492. $85.00 (US). Reviewed by Clive Emsley

IAN BAUCOM. Specters of the Atlantic: Finance Capital, Slavery, and the Philosophy of History. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2005. Pp. x, 387. $23.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by J. R. Oldfield

SUGATA BOSE. A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2006. Pp. xii, 333. $27.95 (US). Reviewed by Kenneth McPherson

MARTIN KITCHEN. A History of Modern Germany, 1800–2000. Maiden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2006. Pp. xi, 455. $39.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Lawrence D. Stokes

MATT K. MATSUDA. Empire of Love: Histories of France and the Pacific. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2005. Pp. vi, 232. $113.95 (CDN). Reviewed by Joseph Zizek

DONG WANG. China's Unequal Treaties: Narrating National History. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2005. Pp. x, 177. $60.00 (US). Reviewed by J. Y. Wong

AMIRIA J. M. HENARE. Museums, Anthropology, and Imperial Exchange. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. xix, 323. $80.00 (US). Reviewed by Miriam Kahn

LEO LUCASSEN. The Immigrant Threat: The Integration of Old and New Migrants in Western Europe since 1850. Urbana and Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2005. Pp. viii, 277. $25.00 (us), paper. Reviewed by Russell King

ROBERT W. RYDELL and ROB KROES. Buffalo Bill in Bologna: The Americanization of the World, 1869–1922. Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press, 2005. Pp. xii, 209. $26.00 (US). Reviewed by Joy S. Kasson

LÁSZLÓ BENCZE. The Occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878, ed. Frank N. Schubert. Boulder, CO: Center for Hungarian Studies, 2006; dist. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Pp. xi, 403. $50.00 (US). Reviewed by Scott W. Lackey

PAUL A. KRAMKR. The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, and the Philippines. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2006. Pp. xii, 538. $26.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Kristin Hoganson

JOHN LAWRENCE TONE. War and Genocide in Cuba, 1895–1898. Chapel Hill, NC and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2006. Pp. xiii, 338. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Christopher Schmidt-Nowara

GODFREY HODGSON. Woodrow Wilson's Right Hand: The Life of Colonel Edward M. House. New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press, 2006. Pp. xiv, 335. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by John A. Thompson

KEITH DAVID WATENPAUGH. Being Modern in the Middle East: Revolution, Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Arab Middle Class. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006. Pp. xi, 325. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Donald Malcolm Reid

HYUN OK PARK. TWO Dreams in One Bed: Empire, Social Life, and the Origins of the North Korean Revolution in Manchuria. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2005. Pp. xix, 314. $23.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by David Wolff

WILLIAM N. TILCHIN and CHARLES E. NEU, eds. Artists of Power: Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and Their Enduring Impact on US Foreign Policy. West-port, CT: Praeger, 2006. Pp. xxv, 196. $139.95 (US). Reviewed by Lloyd E. Ambrosius

D. K. FIELDHOUSE. Western Imperialism in the Middle East, 1914–1958. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2006. Pp. vii,376. $195.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Roger Owen

ROBERT A. DOUGHTY. Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2005. Pp. xiii, 578. $39.95(US). Reviewed by Robert J. Young

ELIZABETH GREENHALGH. Victory through Coalition: Britain and France during the First World War. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. xvi, 304. $88.95 (US). Reviewed by David French

DAVID R. WOODWARD. Hell in the Holy Land: World War I in the Middle East. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2006. Pp. xiii, 253. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Mary C. Wilson

KEITH NEILSON. Britain, Soviet Russia, and the Collapse of the Versailles Order, 1919–1939. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pp. x, 379. $85.00 (US). Reviewed by Michael Jabara Carley

EDWARD I. STEINHART. Black Poachers, White Hunters: A Social History of Hunting in Colonial Kenya. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2006. Pp. viii, 248. $49.95 (US). Reviewed by Reuben M. Matheka

REIDAR VISSER. Basra, the Failed Gulf State: Separatism, and Nationalism in Southern Iraq. Minister: Lit Verlag, 2006; dist. Somerset, NJ: Transaction Publishers. Pp. x, 238. $39.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Peter Sluglett

AMOS NADAN. The Palestinian Peasant Economy under the Mandate: A Story of Colonial Bungling. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2006. Pp. xl, 370. $19.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Martin Bunton

JAMES J. BARNES and PATIENCE P. BARNES. Nazis in Pre-War London, 1930–1939: The Fate and Role of German Party Members and British Sympathizers. Brighton and Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press, 2005. Pp. x, 283. $67.50 (US). Reviewed by David Renton

MARK METZLER. Lever of Empire: The International Gold Standard and the Crisis of Liberalism, in Pretvar Japan. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 2006. Pp. xxii, 370. $49.95 (US). Reviewed by Janet Hunter

GLYN A. STONE. Spain, Portugal, and the Great Powers, 1931–1941. Basingstoke and New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. Pp. xiii, 316. $55.00 (US). Reviewed by David A. Messenger

VICTOR ROTHWELL. War Aims in the Second World War: The War Aims of the Major Belligerents, 1939–45. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006; dist. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Pp. 244. $25.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Anthony Adamthwaite

WOLFRAM WETTE. The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality, trans. Deborah Lucas Schneider. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2006. Pp. xvii,372. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Martin Kitchen

PETER KENEZ. Hungary from the Nazis to the Soviets: The Establishment of the Communist Regime in Hungary, 1944–1948. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pp. ix,3i2. $75.00 (US). Reviewed by Bennett Kovrig

EMIKO OHNUKI-TIERNEY. Kamikaze Diaries: Reflections of Japanese Student Soldiers. Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press, 2006. Pp. xviii, 227. $25.00 (US). Reviewed by F. G. Notehelfer

RICHARD J. GOLSAN. French Writers and the Politics of Complicity: Crises of Democracy in the 1940s and 1990s. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006. Pp. x, 198. $55.00 (US). Reviewed by Donald Reid

BRIAN T. EDWARDS. Morocco Bound: Disorienting America's Maghreb, from Casablanca to the Marrakech Express. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2005. Pp. xv, 366. $23.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Moshe Gershovich

BRUCE KUKLICK. Blind Oracles: Intellectuals and War from Kennan to Kissinger. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006. Pp. 241. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Richard C. Thornton

JOHN H. BARTON, JUDITH L. GOLDSTEIN, TIMOTHY E.JOSLING, and RICHARD H. STEINBERG. The Evolution of the Trade Regime: Politics, Law, and Economics of the GATT and the WTO. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006. Pp. xiv, 242. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Alfred E. Eckes

PETER MANGOLD. The Almost Impossible Ally: Harold Macmillan and Charles De Gaulle. London and New York, NY: I. B. Tauris, 2006. Pp. vi, 275. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Alan Sharp

GUY BEN-PORAT. Global Liberalism, Local Populism: Peace and Conflict in Israel/Palestine and Northern Ireland. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2006. Pp.xii, 327. $29.95(US). Reviewed by Mary Ann Heiss

ANDREW PRESTON. The War Council: McGeorge Bundy, the NSC, and Vietnam. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2006. Pp. xi, 320. $49.95 (US). Reviewed by Marilyn B. Young

WARREN I. COHEN. America's Failing Empire: US Foreign Relations since the Cold War. Malden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2005 Pp. 204. $21.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Andrew J. Bacevich

KEITH A. HANSEN. The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty: An Insider's Perspective. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006. Pp. xix, 233. $24.95 (US). Reviewed by Michael Krepon

SHAHRAM AKBARZADEH. Uzbekistan and the United States: Authoritarianism, Islamism, and Washington's Security Agenda. London and New York, NY: Zed Books, 2005; dist. Basingstoke and New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. Pp. xiv, 166. $19.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Jeff Sahadeo

GLYN MORGAN. The Idea of a European Superstate: Public Justification and European Integration. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2005. Pp. xii, 204. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Dario Castiglione

ELLEN LUST-OKAR. Structuring Conflict in the Arab World: Incumbents, Opponents, and Institutions. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. xvi, 279. $100.95 (US). Reviewed by Raymond Hinnebusch

FAWAZ A. GERGES. The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. xii, 345. $27.00 (US). Reviewed by John Obert Voll

PETER ALEXIS GOUREVITCH and JAMES J. SHINN. Political Power and Corporate Control: The New Global Politics of Corporate Governance. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2005. Pp. xvii, 344. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Randall Morck

PHILIP D. CURTIN. On the Fringes of History: A Memoir. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2005. Pp. xi, 193. $24.95 (US). Reviewed by Ralph A. Austen

JEFFREY W. LEGRO. Rethinking the World: Great Power Strategies and International Order. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 2005. Pp. xii, 253. $39.95 (US). Reviewed by Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Jr.     

Recent developments in the analysis of lithic artifacts

A review of recent research on lithic technology and functional analysis is presented. Our perception of the state of the art is based on a review of the literature published during the past three years and on the topics that were covered at conferences and workshops on lithic analysis. While the goals have essentially remained the same since the turn of the century, concerns with chronology and the classification of lithic artifacts have given way to studies that treat stone implements as products of a dynamic system of human behavior. In order to understand stone artifacts and the people that made and used them, archaeologists must understand theprocesses involved in the acquisition, production, exchange, and consumption of lithic artifacts. In the past ten years, experimental studies involving the manufacturing and use of stone tools have been integrated with studies of refitted or conjoined lithic artifacts and microwear analysis. The result is a much more dynamic view of the variability in assemblages of lithic artifacts. In this review, we focus on replication and technological analysis of chipped stone artifacts and microwear analysis, and consider the implications of this research.     

Rivers of dreams: on the gulf between theoretical and practical aspects of an upland river restoration

This paper is concerned with development and application of a conceptual model of the river restoration process and, through a specific case study, a demonstration of the challenges that arise when combining ecological and geomorphological principles with social and economic issues. Thus, it demonstrates the difference between the ideal goals of river restoration and the practical determinants of the nature of a river restoration that derive from individual and community goals. It begins by exploring theoretically what a river restoration project might involve. It then introduces the options developed for restoration of a particular case study river and the associated decisionmaking process. As a result of strong community involvement, institutional and financial regulations, the location of the restoration site in a National Park, and the influence of governmental and non-governmental organizations, the actual decisionmaking process resulted in a practical river restoration that departed significantly from the idealized goals of a restoration defined in purely scientific terms. It is argued that these practical limitations are likely to remain the dominant influence upon the nature and scope of river restoration projects.