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Abstract. Asymptotic stability of equilibrium is often difficult to know when the number of variables exceeds four, since all eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix are not analytically solvable. However, we obtain stability conditions for a general class of migration dynamics without computing eigenvalues. We show that a spatial equilibrium is stable in the presence of strong congestion diseconomies, but unstable in the presence of strong agglomeration economies. We also show existence of a stable equilibrium in the case of negligible interregional externalities, which is applicable to club goods, local public goods, and new economic geography. 相似文献
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60年代末至 70年代初 ,是新中国外交史上对美、对苏政策进一步嬗变的重要时期。近年来史学界、文学界对这一时期的历史予以关注。虽然时代相隔并不遥远 ,但以讹传讹 ,谬误不少。为提倡认真、严谨的治学态度 ,呼吁治史的严肃性 ,本文就毛泽东“五二○”声明的起草和发表以及周恩来何时获悉中国恢复联大的合法席位等两个问题作一考证 ,以正视听。 相似文献
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Patrick Bottazzi David Crespo Harry Soria Hy Dao Marcelo Serrudo Jean Paul Benavides Stefan Schwarzer Stephan Rist 《Development and change》2014,45(1):105-131
Carbon sequestration in community forests presents a major challenge for the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) programme. This article uses a comparative analysis of the agricultural and forestry practices of indigenous peoples and settlers in the Bolivian Amazon to show how community‐level institutions regulate the trade‐offs between community livelihoods, forest species diversity, and carbon sequestration. The authors argue that REDD+ implementation in such areas runs the risk of: 1) reinforcing economic inequalities based on previous and potential land use impacts on ecosystems (baseline), depending on the socio‐cultural groups targeted; 2) increasing pressure on land used for food production, possibly reducing food security and redirecting labour towards scarce off‐farm income opportunities; 3) increasing dependence on external funding and carbon market fluctuations instead of local production strategies; and 4) further incentivising the privatization and commodification of land to avoid transaction costs associated with collective property rights. The article also advises against taking a strictly economic, market‐based approach to carbon sequestration, arguing that such an approach could endanger fragile socio‐ecological systems. REDD+ schemes should directly support existing efforts towards forest sustainability rather than simply compensating local land users for avoiding deforestation and forest degradation. 相似文献