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21.
22.
The Arab Uprisings and the United States: The Dichotomy Between Balancing Stability and Upholding Commitment to Democracy
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Ahmed H. Ibrahim PhD 《Domes : digest of Middle East studies》2016,25(1):70-87
The Arab Spring, a revolutionary movement for democracy that swept across the Arab Middle East in 2010, has contributed to the downfall of several oppressive authoritarian regimes in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Yemen. The movement represented several uprisings that placed the United States in a precarious position. While the uprisings have shaken U.S. policy to the core, they also presented a historic opportunity for American policymakers to craft a new and comprehensive policy that is compatible with the much‐coveted principles of democracy, freedom, and justice in a region that has historically been unable to grasp such principles. This article argues that the American administration under President Barak Obama squandered this opportunity by pursuing an incoherent and inconsistent policy. This policy revealed Obama's support of the uprisings calls for political reforms that aligned with American liberal values. However, the policy also reflected a commitment to ensure security and stability by maintaining autocratic regimes the protesters hoped to overthrow. This article demonstrates that the policy lacked consistency and clarity as it shifted from one uprising to another. 相似文献
23.
Meor Hakif Amir Hassan Yong Adilah Mustafa Mohamad Z.Z. Zakaria Azman A. Ghani 《Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Paleontology》2013,37(4):550-558
Meor, H.A.H., Yong, A.M., Zakaria, M.Z.Z. & Ghani, A.A., 2.6.2015. First record of Homoctenus (Tentaculitoidea, Homoctenida) from the Late Devonian of northwest Peninsular Malaysia. Alcheringa 39, 550–558. ISSN 0311-5518.The homoctenid tentaculitoid genus Homoctenus is reported for the first time from Peninsular Malaysia. The fossils derive from the Upper Devonian Sanai Limestone, exposed in the state of Perlis, northwest Peninsular Malaysia. The fossils are closely related to Homoctenus tenuicinctus tenuicinctus and are described as Homoctenus sp. cf. H. tenuicinctus. The homoctenids were recovered from an interval containing a rich conodont assemblage, indicating a Frasnian age (Palmatolepis linguiformis Zone).Meor Hakif Amir Hassan [meorhakif@um. edu. my], Yong Adilah Mustafa [yongadilah@gmail. com], Mohamad Z.Z. Zakaria [zulhafiszariq@siswa. um. edu. my], Azman A. Ghani [azmangeo@um. edu. my], Geology Department, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Received 12.4.2015; revised 27.5.2015; accepted 2.6.2015. 相似文献
24.
Ibrahim Kalin 《Iranian studies》2010,43(4):563-566
25.
Eyyüp Ay Mustafa Kibaroğlu Christoph Berthold 《Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences》2014,6(2):125-131
The present paper reports the chemical and mineralogical composition of a black pigment material contained in a Syrian Bottle-shaped vessel excavated on an Early Bronze Age grave in Müslümantepe, a site located at the right bank of the Tigris River in Southeastern Anatolia. A combination of different analytical tools like state-of-the-art non-destructive μ-XRD2, μ-XRF and μ-Raman spectroscopy compared to classical powder XRD was used to characterize the content of the bottle. The results attest the presence of a manganese mineral (pyrolusite) most probably used for cosmetic purposes. This is the first evidence, which is scientifically tested, of the earliest use of cosmetics in the Upper Tigris of Southeastern Anatolia during the Early Bronze Age period, c. 2700–2550 bc. 相似文献
26.
Eskander Alhajji Iyas M. Ismail Mohammad S. Al-Masri Nouman Salman Mohammad A. Al-Haleem Ahmad W. Doubal 《Geochronometria》2014,41(1):81-86
The constant rate of supply (CRS) of excess 210Pb model was successfully applied to assess 210Pb data of two sediment cores from the lake Qattinah, Syria. Gamma spectrometry was used to determine 137Cs and 210Pb activity concentrations. The bottom of the cores was 210Pb-dated to years 1907 and 1893. The accumulation rates were determined using 210Pb method and found to vary similarly in both cores from 0.10 ± 0.01 to 3.78 ± 0.57 kg m?2 y?1 during the past century. 137Cs was used as an in-dependent chronometer. The two distinct peaks observed on the 137Cs record of both cores, corresponding to 1965 and 1986, have allowed a successful validation of the CRS model. 相似文献
27.
Ihsan Ali Ibrahim Shah Abdul Samad Muhammad Zahir 《International Journal of Heritage Studies》2013,19(1):78-97
The present article presents the results of a recent (2009) survey of understandings and attitudes to heritage and culture in Chitral, Pakistan. Chitral has two main ethnic-religious groups: the Muslim Kho and the Kalasha, who are the largest non-Muslim minority group in the Hindu Kush. Very little is known formally of Chitral history and prehistory beyond the last 200–300 years, and this has led to a relatively set list of heritage and cultural events or traits being iterated by local people and outsiders alike. With a growing emphasis on tourism and development in Chitral we think that it is important for local people to have understanding and control of what is and is not presented as heritage here, and also how heritage might be appropriately preserved. We also touch on the tensions between a powerful majority and a less powerful minority group, and the impact such an unequal relationship has on heritage. 相似文献
28.
Rogaia Mustafa Abusharaf 《History & Anthropology》2013,24(3):209-228
When the British colonized Sudan, they were horrified by the practice of female circumcision. Unable to comprehend the meanings of this ritual to adherents, they interpreted it as irrational, immoral and uncivilized. British officials conducted a propaganda campaign against the practice, induced clerics to condemn it as un‐Islamic and passed a stringent, albeit ineffective, law forbidding infibulation in 1946. In the process, they turned female circumcision into a site of contest over Sudanese autonomy. Analyzing colonialists’ responses as embodied states of knowing enacted in repressive measures illuminates the collision of culturally constructed emotions in this colonial context. 相似文献
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30.
Mustafa Dike 《对极》2006,38(1):59-81
This paper provides an overview of French national urban policy for the period 1981–2002, organized around three themes: spatial conceptualizations of intervention areas and changing scales of intervention, discursive articulations of intervention areas, and legitimation of state intervention. By relating the transformations of this policy to the contemporary restructuring of the French state, the paper argues that although there are elements of convergence, the contemporary restructuring of the French state differs remarkably from a US or UK‐style neoliberalization, partly because of the republican tradition emphasizing the active role of the state for the well‐being of its citizens. This restructuring carries the signs of the strong state tradition in France, and is best understood as an articulation of neoliberalism with established political traditions, an articulation that I try to capture with the notion of a “republican penal state”. 相似文献