Precision Medicine: Historiography of Life Sciences and the Geneticization of the Clinics**

In 2013, Hans Jörg Rheinberger proposed that Mendelian genetics and molecular biology were “scientific ideologies,” that is, for him they are systems of thought whose objects are hyperbolic; they are not, or not yet, in the realm of and not, or not yet, under the control of that system. This article proposes that precision medicine today is a scientific ideology and analyses the implications of this statement for historians of biology, genetics, and medicine.     

Introduction: Conflict-Event Theory––a Proposed Paradigm

Historical Archaeology -     

Correction to: (Sea)ways of Perception: an Integrated Maritime‑Terrestrial Approach to Modelling Prehistoric Seafaring

Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory -     

(Sea)ways of Perception: an Integrated Maritime-Terrestrial Approach to Modelling Prehistoric Seafaring

Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory - The seaways have played a significant role in the movement of people, goods and ideologies since prehistory; yet, the ephemerality of movement combined...     

马的胸椎异常及其利用方式的演变

马的驯化及使用深刻影响到人类文明的进程。马不仅为人类提供肉、奶等蛋白性食物,而且极大地提高了人类运输和战争能力,推进了人类的迁徙、民族的融合、语言和文化的传播等等。可以说,没有一种家畜像马一样,在战争、运输和人类社会交往方面,发挥出如此重要的作用。骑乘无疑是人类使役马匹的重要方面。如何研究遗址出土的马骨,探讨其是否被骑乘,一直是考古学家关心的课题。本文的作者玛莎·莱文(Marsha Levine)博士等运用古病理学对马的利用方式进行了探讨,研究了马的被骑乘与否和马的第11-18胸椎异常之间的关联。他们对比了未被人骑乘的现代马骨和明确被人骑乘的早期铁器时代和中世纪的马骨,认为在早期铁器时代的马胸椎上出现的异常模式很可能与骑乘有关,从而表明从动物古病理学的角度探讨古代人类对家马的利用是切实可行的,这一研究思路非常值得我们借鉴。动物古病理学研究在国外开展已久,然而这一研究在国内尚十分薄弱,这正是我们今后努力的方向之一。     

NORWEGIAN SUBSIDIZED THEATRES – FAILURE OR FUTURE?

During the period 1972–1999, the number of Norwegian subsidized theatres was more than doubled, while attendance was largely unchanged. Mainly due to new institutions established during this period, the number of performances increased by about 45%. With about the same total attendance, this means that the attendance per performance decreased by about the same percentage. The number of employees (not counting engaged persons) increased by about 60%. All in all this led to an almost trebling of both costs and public support in real terms. This study deals with possible explanations of this distressing development. Contrary to what is commonly assumed, the new theatres, with cost‐disadvantages of small scale, are only part of the explanation. We provide two main explanations: the crowding out of the subsidized theatres by AV‐media and other performing art institutions, like private theatres and independent performing arts groups, and by other entertainment institutions. In addition, costs have increased substantially due to slow adjustment to reduction in demand, costly arrangements to counter the crowding out effects, and institutional sclerosis. The latter seems to be due to various cost‐increasing arrangements commonly found in public institutions with soft budget constraints, as well as in private monopolies and private firms sheltered by regulations of various kinds.