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951.
Contemporary historians tend to be drawn to study formal institutions,largely because they leave formal records. But as politicalscientists have long argued, informal networks can be of equalimportance and influence. Throughout the last century, dininggroups were amongst the most common of these networks; and theRomney Street Group, which has been existence in various guisessince 1917, is eminent amongst them. This article looks at themethodological problems of analysing such groups, as well asits early history. Amongst its early members were R.H. Tawneyand Tom Jones, symbolizing the link the group forged betweenthe liberal intellectuals behind The Athenaeum and Lloyd George'snewly formed Cabinet Secretariat. Its principal focus was thepostwar reconstruction of industrial and international relations.Although its immediate impact appears to have been small, itcontinued to keep reconstruction ideals alive, in general throughjournalism and the private contacts of its members and in particularthrough Tom Jones, who was successively the confidant of LloydGeorge and Baldwin. 相似文献
952.
John F. Hoffecker 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2007,14(4):359-387
Living humans are unique among the animal kingdom with respect to their ability to externalize mental representations outside
the brain through a variety of media and in a recursive or creative manner (i.e., generating a potentially infinite array
of combinations). Earlier humans evolved two specialized organs—the hand and the vocal tract—as primary instruments for externalizing
artificial or semantic representations. These organs and the externalized representations may have co-evolved with the Homo brain. The archaeological record yields examples of simple representations by 1.6 mya. More complex, hierarchical, and recursive
forms are evident by roughly 0.25 mya. Complex and highly recursive representations in a wide range of media (including representations
of representations in the form of visual art) emerge after 0.1 mya among anatomically modern humans. 相似文献
953.
Margaret W. Conkey 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2007,14(3):285-310
This paper raises questions about the practice of theory in anthropological archaeology. Particular attention is given to
questions surrounding the gender of theory: what genders are more heralded in the theoretical spotlights and how the subject
position of doing theory is gendered. An analysis of the contents of four Readers of Archaeological Theory shows the problematic
selection and thus representation of women’s theoretical contributions, including their effective ghettoization in gender
and feminist archaeology. Insights from how feminists have been grappling with theory are considered, and archaeologists are
urged to confront the ways in which “doing theory” is/is not valued and how it is differentially valued, and to discuss the
place and uses of theory more explicitly and critically. 相似文献
954.
João Zilhão 《Journal of Archaeological Research》2007,15(1):1-54
The earliest known personal ornaments come from the Middle Stone Age of southern Africa, c. 75,000 years ago, and are associated
with anatomically modern humans. In Europe, such items are not recorded until after 45,000 radiocarbon years ago, in Neandertal-associated
contexts that significantly predate the earliest evidence, archaeological or paleontological, for the immigration of modern
humans; thus, they represent either independent invention or acquisition of the concept by long-distance diffusion, implying
in both cases comparable levels of cognitive capability and performance. The emergence of figurative art postdates c. 32,000
radiocarbon years ago, several millennia after the time of Neandertal/modern human contact. These temporal patterns suggest
that the emergence of “behavioral modernity” was triggered by demographic and social processes and is not a species-specific
phenomenon; a corollary of these conclusions is that the corresponding genetic and cognitive basis must have been present
in the genus Homo before the evolutionary split between the Neandertal and modern human lineages. 相似文献
955.
The pace of archaeological research in Polynesia has intensified in recent years, resulting in more than 500 new literature
citations over the past decade. Fieldwork has continued in such previously well-studied archipelagoes as Tonga and Samoa in
Western Polynesia, and Hawai’i and New Zealand in Eastern Polynesia, and has expanded into previously neglected islands including
Niue, the Equatorial Islands, the Austral Islands, and Mangareva. The emergence of Ancestral Polynesian culture out of its
Eastern Lapita predecessor is increasingly well understood, and the chronology of Polynesian dispersal and expansion into
Eastern Polynesia has engaged several researchers. Aside from these fundamental issues of origins and chronology, major research
themes over the past decade include (1) defining the nature, extent, and timing of long-distance interaction spheres, particularly
in Eastern Polynesia; (2) the impacts of human colonization and settlement on island ecosystems; (3) variation in Polynesian
economic systems and their transformations over time; and (4) sociopolitical change, especially as viewed through the lens
of household or microscale archaeology. Also noteworthy is the rapidly evolving nature of interactions between archaeologists
and native communities, a critical aspect of archaeological practice in the region.
相似文献
Jennifer G. KahnEmail: |
956.
Michael Love 《Journal of Archaeological Research》2007,15(4):275-328
Recent research on the southern highlands and Pacific Coast of Mesoamerica has investigated topics of interest to all archaeologists.
Although best known for studies on the development of early social complexity, research in the region also has addressed hunter/gatherer
subsistence patterns, early sedentism, the origins of food production, the development of the state, migration, the construction
of social identity, political economy, and the collapse of complex societies. Research has accelerated in the past ten years,
fueled by efforts of scholars from a number of disciplines. Recent paleo-ecological studies have provided much needed data
for understanding human social action against the backdrop of the natural environment, while the region also has been the
scene for testing numerous innovative theories of social change. Studies of identity and its manifestation in material culture
have been especially productive. 相似文献
957.
This paper examines the graffiti found within late 19th and early 20th century farm buildings in the Wolds of East Yorkshire.
It suggests that the graffiti were created by a group of young men at the bottom of the social hierarchy—the horselads—and
was one of the ways in which they constructed a distinctive sense of communal identity, at a particular stage in their lives.
Whilst it tells us much about changing agricultural regimes and social structures, it also informs us about experiences and
attitudes often hidden from official histories and biographies. In this way, the graffiti are argued to inform our understanding,
not only of a concealed community, but also about their hidden history. 相似文献
958.
Lucy Wilson 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2007,14(4):388-411
Provenance studies can tell us which sources of lithic raw material were used in the past, but can they tell us why? After all, many factors can have entered into a person’s choice to use one source rather than another. Those factors can be grouped into two categories, the geologic/geographic characteristics of the source itself (quality, abundance, size of pieces, etc.), and the human factors (direction of travel, time available, social restrictions, etc.). This paper demonstrates how the geologic/geographic characteristics can be quantified and calculated together to give one value, the attractiveness of the source, which can then be used in a gravity model approach to predict which sources ‘should’ have been used more than others. Deviations from the predicted pattern point to situations where the human factors were of greater or lesser importance. The values are also used to delineate geographical areas within which particular sources would be likely to be used (‘areas of influence’), which gives us a useful new way of understanding the landscape within which the prehistoric group lived. 相似文献
959.
Ericka Engelstad 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2007,14(3):217-234
Numerous publications on gender archaeology present case studies that incorporate gender in their analyses, but make little
use of feminist theory and critique, and are ambivalent or negative to feminism. Aspects of Norwegian, British and American
gender archaeology are discussed in relation to a desire for the ‘mainstream.’ The reasons for, and consequences of, a lack
of feminist theorizing and engagement are related to Donna Haraway’s concept of situated knowledges.
相似文献
Ericka EngelstadEmail: |
960.
Neil Christie Paul Beavitt Josep Gisbert Santonja Victoria Gil Senís Joan Seguí 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2007,11(4):304-321
The region of the Serra de l’Altmirant in southeastern Spain, through its upland location and its rocky and scrub landscape,
is strongly perceived as marginal–this mainly in contrast with the nearby fertile coastal plains between Valencia and Denia,
busy with orange and vine production especially. A progressive colonization of the lower part of the Serra by weekend homes
is starting to counter this image of marginality, but at the same time such constructions threaten the residual archaeology
of a different type of human upland exploitation, namely pastoralism and hunting. Abandoned terraces, cisterns, store buildings
and larger corrals are evident even on the exposed plateau and testify to a period in which the Serra was active and integral
to farmers and shepherds from the villages of the adjoining valleys and plains. This paper discusses the nature of this activity,
as recorded through archaeological and ethnographic investigation, and considers also the materials and outlook of Manolo,
the last shepherd-in-residence on the Serra. 相似文献