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991.
Sharad N. Rajaguru Bhaskar C. Deotare Kaushik Gangopadhyay Malay K. Sain Sheena Panja 《Geochronometria》2011,38(3):282-291
Archaeological studies in the upper and lower part of the Ganga-Bhaghrathi-Hugli delta were taken up to understand the nature
of site formation and human adaptation in a dynamic fluvial zone. This aspect has been neglected in Indian archaeology. However
archaeological dating using typological information, has an error margin of a couple of centuries and hence, is of limited
use. We suggest that high resolution chronology using Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) and radiocarbon dating can be
quite effective in the study of archaeology and human environment relationship in the Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta (GBD). 相似文献
992.
The paper deals with dendrochronological and radiocarbon dating of subfossil trunks found in the basin of the Morava River.
The research into subfossil trunks had been conducted in the Czech Republic in the past but the research stopped in 2001.
160 records of measurements of subfossil, predominantly oak trunk samples, are preserved from that time. Three years ago the
research was reopened and again the most trunks were found in the basin of the Morava River. 92 samples of oak trunks and
7 samples of other tree species (poplar, elm, maple, beech) were taken from selected sites. The samples were processed in
compliance with the standard dendrochronological methodology. To date the samples, Czech, Austrian, Polish and German standard
chronologies were used. In cases when the dendrochronological dating was unsuccessful, the samples were sent for radiocarbon
dating. In total, 35 samples were dated, mainly by the radiocarbon method. Subfossil trunks from gravel pit Tovačov were dated
and classified into 4 different periods, the oldest being from 2780–2190 BC. In Osek nad Bečvou, the samples were taken from
two sites. Whereas from the 4 trunks taken in the river channel each was from a different period, the trunks from the gravel
pit come from 981–1015 AD. The trunks found in the Morava River basin near Strážnice were dated to the 10th–15th century. In the future, we expect to extend the amount of the acquired samples with the aim to create a link to the existing
standard chronology or to create a long floating average treering curve. 相似文献
993.
The present study focuses on investigations carried out in the Late Vistulian succession of the Warta River deposits (central
Poland) in which a horizon of subfossil trees was excavated. Prelim-inary conclusions on time record and past environmental
conditions of a forest existence determined from radiocarbon dating, pollen analyses and geological evidence appear promising
with view of tree-ring chronologies. 相似文献
994.
Aylen Capparelli 《Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences》2011,3(1):93-112
It is known from previous studies that qualitative and quantitative morphological attributes of food products and residues may permit the identification of different food processing activities in desiccated algarrobo (Prosopis chilensis and Prosopis flexuosa) remains. Experimental approaches are used here in order to (1) evaluate if those diagnostic features persist even after charring and (2) to use these results as a means of interpreting types of processing from archaeobotanical contexts of the Inka site of El Shincal. Experimentation was made on the basis of traditional practices which were registered during previous ethnobotanical work in the area. Diagnostic patterns of Prosopis flours and patay (bread), as well as of añapa/aloja (fresh and alcoholic beverages, respectively) and arrope (syrup) residues were stipulated for charred remains. In the specific case of El Shincal, specimens derived from flour manufacture (unrefined and refined) and añapa/aloja residues were recognized from different buildings. This must have implied a special organization of the production and the people working on that, in the sense of post-harvest intensification. 相似文献
995.
Michèle M. Wollstonecroft 《Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences》2011,3(1):141-150
While it is generally agreed that food processing has had a role in human evolution, the specific ways that is has affected
our evolution are not well understood. Using a Niche Construction Theory (NCT) perspective, coupled with methodologies borrowed
from “post-harvest” research in the plant sciences, this paper investigates the means and mechanism by which food processing
is of evolutionary consequence. The central tenet of NCT is that organisms have an active role in their own evolution through
reciprocal interactions with their environments; niche construction is understood to occur when organisms initiate long-term
changes to their environments that modify the selection pressures on themselves and their descendants (and on other organisms
in the environment). Humans and our hominin ancestors are considered to be the ultimate niche constructors due to our ability
to modify selection pressures through diverse culturally generated and transmitted cultural means, i.e. cultural niche construction.
In this paper, post-harvest methods are used to identify how food processing could feasibly have permitted hominins to modify
their evolutionary selection pressures. Food processing is shown to facilitate access to increasing amounts of digestible
nutrients and energy (kilocalories/kilojoules) as well as promoting increased dietary breadth and making possible the production
of safer and more stable foods. It is argued that these advancements catalysed related technological and ecological skills
and knowledge, which together with the nutritional benefits, further triggered changes in hominin brain and body and locomotory
adaptations and increased longevity, disease prevention and juvenile survival rates. 相似文献
996.
Leo Aoi Hosoya 《Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences》2011,3(1):7-17
Recent archaeobotanical studies in East Asia show that the use of wild food plants, particularly nuts, was important for not
only hunter–gatherers but also early farmers. For example, recent archaeobotanical work has identified large quantities of
nut remains from early Chinese rice farming sites dating 5,000–4,500 BC. In Japan, which introduced rice farming from China
around 1,000–500 BC, archaeobotanical data have shown continued exploitation of nuts even after the introduction of rice farming.
Therefore, the first appearance of farming does not appear to have immediately impacted the subsistence system, although it
may have changed cultural perceptions of food plants, eventually rice replacing nuts as a staple food. To explain the cultural
implications of this shift in emphasis, it is necessary to investigate people’s routine subsistence activities with reference
to available ethnographic information on non-mechanised plant processing. The ethnographic data provide insights into ancient
nut processing, including possible methods, tools, choices of working locations and labour scales. Conceptual modelling based
on ethnographic observations of the range of nut-processing practices will also aid interpretations from newly developed methods,
such as starch residue analyses. The resulting archaeobotanical, archaeological and ethnographic picture may help to further
explore past social organisation and social perceptions of plant foods. 相似文献
997.
Pauline Burger Armelle Charrié-Duhaut Jacques Connan Pierre Albrecht 《Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences》2011,3(2):185-200
Plant and particularly non-wood forest products have played an important role in the evolution of human cultures all over
the world, as source of food but also of raw substances fulfilling material, spiritual, and medicinal requirements. Plant
exudates and particularly dammar resins (Dipterocarpaceae family) were widely used in the past in Asia notably as waterproofing
and caulking materials. This study focuses on the GC–MS chemical characterisation of freshly collected dammars and establishes
new molecular parameters enabling discrimination between dammars and other types of plant resin, whatever their botanical
origin. Such analyses provide clues for a precise identification (taxonomy, occurrence of other material in addition to the
resin, alteration state) of unknown resinous material discovered in archaeological contexts. The value of our approach is
illustrated by the taxonomic characterisation of two samples collected in jars from the Brunei wreck and a Chinese junk lost
more than 40 km off the Sultanate of Brunei during the end of the fifteenth century or the early beginning of the sixteenth
century. 相似文献
998.
Günther Mull Klaus Püschel Eilin Jopp 《Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences》2011,3(2):201-207
Two thousand and six hundred fifty years after the death of the “Girl of the Uchter Moor”, it was still possible to secure
good-quality fingerprints from the right hand of this bog body by using photographic methods followed by image enhancement
with an Automated Fingerprint Identification System. A detailed fingerprint analysis was performed, and all five fingers of
“Moora's” right hand exhibited ulnar loops. Even today, this is still the most common fingerprint pattern type in Europe.
It was also possible to find enough minutiae on the right thumb for secure dactyloscopic identification after more than 2,000 years.
The example of “Moora" therefore demonstrates new possibilities for future fingerprint examinations of ancient bodies in archaeological
as well as forensic casework. 相似文献
999.
Krysta Ryzewski Brian W. Sheldon Susan E. Alcock Max Mankin Sugeetha Vasudevan Nicholas Sinnott-Armstrong 《Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences》2011,3(2):173-184
This object-specific case study focuses on cupreous artifacts excavated from the Great Temple complex of Petra, Jordan to
demonstrate how the use of compositional X-ray analyses alongside two experimental applications (ImageJ software and nanoindentation)
have the potential to generate different and otherwise unobtainable information about archaeological metals. The study highlights
the value of using multiple techniques as a means of resolving the ambiguities that tend to arise from interpretations of
single-sited measurements on objects and from single-instrumental analyses during studies of production processes and consequent
material performance. Employing different techniques on multiple localities within a sample permits the gathering of precise
information about the behavior of and interrelationships between variables that affect the objects’ fabrication and use, particularly
composition, structure, and hardness properties. The resulting data are interpreted in association with contextual archaeological
information from Petra to consider the use-life and potential significance of these objects. 相似文献
1000.
The study of the Sardinian Bronze Age (Nuragic period) and the factors which created and maintained an island-wide identity
as seen through the presence of its distinctive nuraghi has received considerable attention; however, the amount of research directly related to the stone tools of the era has been
relatively limited despite the wealth of knowledge it is capable of yielding. This research hopes to contribute to Sardinian
archaeology through the study of ancient technology, specifically obsidian lithic technology, by combining typological information
with source data gleaned from the use of portable X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. This research also explores temporal changes
in the acquisition of obsidian raw materials and the corresponding changes in how the obsidian was used. The results provide
precedence for future work in Sardinia and create a model for integrating two types of analyses, sourcing and typological.
By combining these results, it is possible to investigate ancient economies, exchange networks, and cultural values. 相似文献