MATCHING PAST AND PRESENT CERAMIC PRODUCTION IN THE BANDA AREA (GHANA): IMPROVING THE ANALYTICAL PERFORMANCE OF NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS IN ARCHAEOLOGY USING MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES*

The transfer of advances in chemometrics into archaeometric research opens up a wide range of new application possibilities in this rapidly developing field. Neutron activation analysis (NAA) of ceramic samples from the Banda Traditional Area (west‐central Ghana) combined with chemometrics allowed us to establish a link between current and ancient systems of ceramics production in the historic settlements of Kuulo Kataa and Makala Kataa. Principal component analysis (PCA) and the soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA) method were applied to the Das Dores Cruz data set in order to unequivocally determine the geographical origin of the diverse archaeological samples. After global autoscaling pretreatment, PCA analysis showed a clear difference between samples from different locations. The classification models obtained by SIMCA showed a classification ability of 100% and a prediction ability of 97.7%, with a mean sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 100% for the three categories. The application of SIMCA showed that some NAA variables (elements) were more important than others in terms of geographical classification. With the class models that we obtained, we were able to determine the origin of the ancient remains. SIMCA has proved to be a powerful technique for the class modelling of archaeological data.     

Spatial Patterns of March and September Streamflow Trends in Pacific Northwest Streams, 1958–2008

Summer streamflow is a vital water resource for municipal and domestic water supplies, irrigation, salmonid habitat, recreation, and water‐related ecosystem services in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) in the United States. This study detects significant negative trends in September absolute streamflow in a majority of 68 stream‐gauging stations located on unregulated streams in the PNW from 1958 to 2008. The proportion of March streamflow to annual streamflow increases in most stations over 1,000 m elevation, with a baseflow index of less than 50, while absolute March streamflow does not increase in most stations. The declining trends of September absolute streamflow are strongly associated with seven‐day low flow, January–March maximum temperature trends, and the size of the basin (19–7,260 km²), while the increasing trends of the fraction of March streamflow are associated with elevation, April 1 snow water equivalent, March precipitation, center timing of streamflow, and October–December minimum temperature trends. Compared with ordinary least squares (OLS) estimated regression models, spatial error regression and geographically weighted regression (GWR) models effectively remove spatial autocorrelation in residuals. The GWR model results show spatial gradients of local R ² values with consistently higher local R ² values in the northern Cascades. This finding illustrates that different hydrologic landscape factors, such as geology and seasonal distribution of precipitation, also influence streamflow trends in the PNW. In addition, our spatial analysis model results show that considering various geographic factors help clarify the dynamics of streamflow trends over a large geographical area, supporting a spatial analysis approach over aspatial OLS‐estimated regression models for predicting streamflow trends. Results indicate that transitional rain–snow surface water‐dominated basins are likely to have reduced summer streamflow under warming scenarios. Consequently, a better understanding of the relationships among summer streamflow, precipitation, snowmelt, elevation, and geology can help water managers predict the response of regional summer streamflow to global warming. Patrones espaciales de las tendencias de los caudales de marzo y septiembre en el Pacífico Noroccidental. Los caudales (streamflows) de verano son recursos hídricos vitales para el abastecimiento de agua municipal y domestico así como para el riego agrícola, el hábitat de los salmónidos, la recreación, y para varios servicios de los ecosistemas en el Pacífico Noroccidental (Pacific Nortwest‐PNW) de los Estados Unidos. Este estudio identifica tendencias negativas considerables en los caudales absolutos de septiembre en la mayoría de las 68 estaciones de medición situadas en ríos y arroyos no regulares del PNW entre 1958 y 2008. La proporción del caudal de marzo con respecto al caudal anual aumenta en la mayoría de las estaciones situadas a más de 1000 metros de altitud, que tienen un índice de caudal base (base flow index‐BFI) de menos de 50, pero se mantiene estable en el resto (la mayoría) de las estaciones. Las tendencias decrecientes de los caudales absolutos de septiembre están fuertemente asociadas con el caudal mínimo para siete días (seven‐day low), con las tendencias de temperatura máxima entre enero y marzo, y con el tamaño de la cuenca (19‐7,260 km2). Las tendencias crecientes de la proporción del caudal total correspondiente a marzo están asociadas con la elevación, con un equivalente a agua de la nieve de abril (one April snow wáter equivalent ‐SWE), con la precipitación de marzo, el center timing (TC) de los caudales, y con las tendencias de temperatura mínima entre octubre y diciembre. En comparación con los estimados de modelos de regresión de tipo mínimos cuadrados ordinarios (ordinary least squares‐OLS), los modelos de regresión de error espacial (spatial error regression‐SER) y de regresión ponderada geográficamente (geographically weighted regression‐GWR) eliminan eficazmente la autocorrelación espacial en los residuos. Los resultados del modelo GWR producen mapas con gradientes espaciales donde los valores de los R² locales son consistentemente más altos en las cascadas del norte. Este resultado pone de manifiesto que diferentes factores hidrológicos del paisaje, tales como la geología y la distribución estacional de la precipitación, también influyen en las tendencias de los caudales en el PNW. Adicionalmente, los resultados del modelo de análisis espacial muestran que la inclusión de diversos factores geográficos ayuda a aclarar la dinámica de las tendencias de los caudales en un área geográfica grande, corroborando la mayor utilidad de modelos con enfoque de espacial sobre modelos. Los resultados indican también que en cuencas transicionales (entre lluvia y nieve) donde predominan las aguas superficiales existe una probabilidad más alta de reducccion de caudal de verano en el contexto de escenarios de calentamiento. En consecuencia, una mejor comprensión de las relaciones entre caudal de verano, la precipitación, el derretimiento de nieve, la elevación y la geología puede ayudar a los gestores del agua a predecir la respuesta de los caudales de verano en un escenario de calentamiento global. 夏季径流是美国太平洋西北部地区(PNW)市政与居民水供应、灌溉、鱼类栖息、娱乐及水相关生态系统服务的重要来源。本研究通过1958–2008年PNW地区68个地理位置上未调节的径流测量站分析揭示出九月绝对径流量与该地区水来源呈显著的负相关趋势。三月径流占年际径流量的比例在大多数海拔超过1000米的地区是增加的,然而大多数地区基本径流指数（BFI）少于50,表明三月绝对径流量在多数地区并没有增加。九月绝对径流量的下滑趋势与年均为期7天的低流量,1月–3月最大温度趋势及流域面积（19–7,260 km²）呈强相关性,而三月绝对径流量微量增加的趋势则与海拔高度,四月一日的雪水当量（SWE）,三月降水,径流中心时序（CT）和十月至十二月最小温度趋势相关。与OLS(普通最小二乘法估计)回归模型相比,空间滞后回归（SER）和地理加权回归模型（GWR）能有效剔除空间自相关的残差而更有效。GWR结果显示局部R²值在空间上渐变梯度,并且在北美洲喀斯喀特山脉（Cascade）：北部地区高于其他地区。该发现表明不同水文景观因子,如地质、降水的季节分布,也会对PNW的径流趋势产生影响。另外,我们的空间分析模型结果显示,考虑多种地理因素可解析大面积的地理区域中径流量空间分布趋势的动力机制, 为预测径流趋势提供一种优于OLS空间估计回归模型的空间分析方法。结果表明气候变暖背景下,季节性降水、地表水主导的流域极可能减少夏季径流量。因此,更好地理解夏季径流量与降水、融雪水、海拔和地质的关系,可帮助水资源管理者预测区域夏季径流对全球变暖的响应。     

Oppression or liberality

Jerome S. Handler. The Unappropriated People: Freedmen in the Slave Society of Barbados. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974. xii + 225 pp. Maps, tables, illustrations, and index. $10.00 (cloth).     

The city as a set of problems: A non‐synthesizing approach to understanding urban places

Neil C. Kalt and Sheldon S. Zalkind. Urban Problems: Psychological Inquiries. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976. v + 543 pp. Author index, subject index. $13.00 cloth, $8.00 paper.     

Toward an anthropology of women's liberation

Ruby Rohrlich‐Leavitt, ed. Women Cross‐Culturally: Change and Challenge. The Hague and London: Mouton Publishers. A volume in the World Anthropology Series, Sol Tax, general editor. Distributed in North America by Aldine Publishing Co., 1975. xiv + 669 pp. Tables, figures, biographical notes, and indexes. $27.50.     

How Risk Perceptions Influence Evacuations from Hurricanes and Compliance with Government Directives

In this study we present evidence supporting the view that people's perceived risk of hurricane‐related hazards can be reduced to a single seriousness score that spans different hurricane‐induced risk types and that compliant behavior with official advisories is strongly dependent on whether one perceives a high risk with respect to any type of hurricane‐related hazards. Our analysis suggests that people are less sensitive to risk type than they are to the general seriousness of the risks. Using this single seriousness score, representing a composite risk measure, emergency managers can be informed about the severity of the public's risk perceptions to impending hurricane hazards and might better craft their public directives in ways that minimize disruptive evacuations and achieve greater compliance with government directives.     

Le crépuscule des Dieux: Regards sur le polythéisme hindou et l'athéisme bouddhique (XVIIe‐XIXe siècle)

From the Age of Classicism to the Age of the Enlightenment. Indian heathendom (that is to say, Hinduism as it was perceived in those times) provided Europe with the spectacle of an incomparable profusion of polytheism. But if India appeared as the living sanctuary of countless divinities, it had also been the cradle of Buddhism which disappeared from its native land to spread over an immense part of Asia. Buddhism was conceived of as an “absolute atheism”; whose fundamental doctrine — the famous nirvana — was considered to be a form of nihilism which had no equivalent in the history of the human mind. Thus, the historiographical discourse on religious matters in India fits into a triad‐like structure in which atheism plays a pivotal role between monotheism and polytheism. A long time after the scholarly discovery of Hinduism and Buddhism, the archaic aspect of this discourse constantly reveals itself in the residual nature of the myth of the double doctrine and the persistence of the theme of the Monster. For philologists and historians of religions until the beginning of the twentieth century, Indian excesses in the religious domain continue to constitute a violation of Reason and Nature.     

Disciplining technology: Electronic reliability,Cold‐War military culture and the topside ionogram

Abstract

This essay explores the relationship between cold‐war military electronics and the material culture of space science. Focusing on the world's first ionospheric research satellite, designed and built by the Canadian Defence Research Telecommunications Establishment at the height of the Cold War, it seeks to situate the practices and beliefs that underwrote the reliability of this instrument within more profound changes in electronics and electrical engineering during the 1950s. Rather than invoke a monolithic culture of reliability to explain the work of satellite technicians and engineers, this investigation identifies instead two principle approaches to the question of reliability in cold‐war electronics, their origin in the shortcomings of industrial electronics after the Second World War, as well as the place of the satellite project within them. By concentrating our attention on the conceptual and technical dimensions of electronic reliability, radier than on more traditional aspects of solid‐state research and industrial innovation, we can understand how technicians and engineers, developing weapons systems and scientific instruments alike, struggled to understand and use operationally and cognitively unstable electronic devices, and what these struggles suggest about the complex material and social legacy of the Cold War.     

Book reviews

Ruth Oldenziel, Making Technology Masculine: Men, Women, and Modern Machines in America, 1870–1945 (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 1999), pp. 271

Lars Engwall and Vera Zamagni (eds.), Management Education in Historical Perspective (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1999), pp. Xiii+177

T.R. Gourvish and N. Tiratsoo (eds.), Missionaries and Managers: American Influences on European Management Education, 1945–1960 (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press/St. Martins, 1999), pp. X+165