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81.
Grant Havers 《European Legacy》2012,17(5):696-697
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The Still Bay (SB) and Howiesons Poort (HP) industries, endemic to southern Africa and dating to approximately 72–59 ka, have
received a great deal of archaeological attention by virtue of their striking patterns of technology and their close association
with some of the earliest unambiguously symbolic objects found in southern Africa. This paper reviews recent literature concerning
SB and HP lithic assemblages, faunal remains, paleoenvironmental contexts, and chronological information. It argues that SB
biface-dominated technology was designed to be multifunctional and to economize lithic raw material, a strategy well-suited
to foragers moving frequently across a wide range of ecological zones in which access to resources and prey encounters were
unpredictable. In contrast, HP blade-based tools, using backed blades as modular components in compound weapons, were efficient
and reliable hunting weapons designed for specific tasks. More costly and difficult to maintain, HP technology resulted from
the targeting of known, localized, and seasonal resources through planned logistical forays. We argue that these complicated
patterns of innovation represent separate cultural responses to environmental instability during Marine Isotope Stage 4 and
demographic pressures in southern Africa at this time. Against the backdrop of environmental and demographic shifts, the emergence
of these innovative tools and associated symbolic objects reflects distinct but quintessentially modern cultural behaviors
ethnographically associated with risk reduction, reciprocity, and information sharing. 相似文献
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Grant S. McCall 《Journal of Archaeological Research》2012,20(2):157-203
Although the modern production and use of stone tools is rare, ethnoarchaeological research on this subject has provided important
perspectives on methodological approaches to archaeological lithic analysis. Recent ethnoarchaeological research on lithics
frequently takes the form of “cautionary tales,” warning against the primacy of functional variables most commonly invoked
by lithic analysts. I argue that lithic ethnoarchaeology would benefit from a comparative organizational framework for explaining
variation in patterns of stone tool use that takes into account the predictability and redundancy of the location and timing
of technological activities. Understanding the underlying causes of modern patterns of stone tool use, in turn, offers a framework
for exploring sources of lithic technological variation in the archaeological record. I also argue that technological analytical
perspectives, such as the cha?ne opératoire and sequence of reduction approaches, can benefit from the insights gained through
lithic ethnoarchaeological research, helping us define important analytical concepts and identify appropriate units of analysis. 相似文献
87.
Tor A. Benjaminsen Mara J. Goldman Maya Y. Minwary Faustin P. Maganga 《Development and change》2013,44(5):1087-1109
Despite a decade of rhetoric on community conservation, current trends in Tanzania reflect a disturbing process of reconsolidation of state control over wildlife resources and increased rent‐seeking behaviour, combined with dispossession of communities. Whereas the 1998 Wildlife Policy promoted community participation and local benefits, the subsequent policy of 2007 and the Wildlife Conservation Act of 2009 returned control over wildlife and over income from sport hunting and safari tourism to central government. These trends, which sometimes include the use of state violence and often take place in the name of ‘community‐based’ conservation, are not, however, occurring without resistance from communities. This article draws on in‐depth studies of wildlife management practices at three locations in northern Tanzania to illustrate these trends. The authors argue that this outcome is more than just the result of the neoliberalization of conservation. It reflects old patterns of state patrimony and rent seeking, combined with colonial narratives of conservation, all enhanced through neoliberal reforms of the past two decades. At the same time, much of the rhetoric of neoliberal reforms is being pushed back by the state in order to capture rent and interact with villagers in new and oppressive ways. 相似文献
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