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Patrick Cassitti Bernhard Lucke Beate Bugla Anette Regelous Gottfried Hofbauer Andreas Dix Monika Decoster Matthias Petri 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2017,21(2):389-419
This paper presents the preliminary results of a survey project which is being carried out in the small village of Fatschenbrunn, in Lower Franconia, Germany. The project combines archaeological, historical geographical, botanical, geological and pedological data to reconstruct the farming regimes and land use in the late medieval and post-medieval era. Although the project is still on-going, the collected data allows the formulation of hypotheses on the formation of fertile agricultural soils through long-term human intervention in the past. 相似文献
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The conventional theoretical and empirical references related to the inter-governmental fiscal transfer system in Germany appear to heavily concentrate on the issues surrounding the measurement of local expenditure needs of a municipality and their coverage through the down-flow grants when the municipal tax revenue is insufficient to match the needs. This study introduces additional important research fields in this context. Firstly, it attempts to analyse the role of the development of tax revenue and fiscal power of the grant provider (the State) as well as the joint financial relationship between the State and (different types of rural and urban) municipalities in the determination of inter-governmental grants. Secondly, when the total volume of the State grants is determined, this study examines in the next step under the particular consideration of different tax capacities in varied categories of municipalities, how this amount should be horizontally distributed among these groups to achieve the equal growth of hypothetical per capita fiscal capacity. 相似文献
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Tobias Lauer Matthias Krbetschek Manfred Frechen Sumiko Tsukamoto Christian Hoselmann Michael Weidenfeller 《Geochronometria》2011,38(1):23-33
The infrared radiofluorescence (IR-RF) dating technique was applied to eight fluvial samples that were collected from two
sediment cores at the Heidelberg Basin located near Viernheim and Ludwigshafen in southwest Germany. Based on the IR-RF derived
ages of the samples it was possible to establish a chronological framework for the Mid-Pleistocene fluvial deposits of the
Heidelberg Basin. The results allow us to distinguish between four main periods of aggradation. The lowermost sample taken
from 100 m core depth lead to an IR-RF age of 643 ± 28 ka pointing to a Cromerian period of aggradation (OIS 17–16). For the
Elsterian it is now possible to distinguish between two aggradation periods, one occurring during the Lower Elsterian period
(OIS 15) and a second during the Upper Elsterian period (OIS 12–11). For the so called Upper interlayer (or “Oberer Zwischenhorizont”
— a layer of organic-rich and finer-grained deposits), the IR-RF results point to a deposition age of around 300 ka, with
samples taken directly on top and out of this layer yielding IR-RF ages of 288 ± 19 ka and 302 ± 19 ka, respectively. Hence,
the measured IR-RF ages clearly point to a deposition during the Lower Saalian period (OIS 9–8) whereas earlier studies assumed
a Cromerian age for the sediments of the Upper Interlayer based on pollen records and also mollusc fauna. The new IR-RF dataset
indicates that significant hiatuses are present within the fluvial sediment successions. In particular the Eemian and Upper
Saalian deposits are missing in this part of the northern Upper Rhine Graben, as the 300 ka deposits are directly overlain
by Weichselian fluvial sediments. It is obvious that time periods of increased fluvial aggradation were interrupted by time
periods of almost no aggradation or erosion which should have been mainly triggered by phases of increased and decreased subsidence
of the Heidelberg Basin. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT This paper suggests a cause of low density urban development or urban sprawl that has not been given much attention in the literature. There have been a number of arguments put forward for market failures that may account for urban sprawl, including incomplete pricing of infrastructure, environmental externalities, and unpriced congestion. The problem analyzed here is that urban growth creates benefits for an entire urban area, but the costs of growth are borne by individual neighborhoods. An externality problem arises because existing residents perceive the costs associated with the new residents locating in their neighborhoods, but not the full benefits of new entrants which accrue to the city as a whole. The result is that existing residents have an incentive to block new residents to their neighborhoods, resulting in cities that are less dense than is optimal, or too spread out. The paper models several different types of urban growth, and examines the optimal and local choice outcomes under each type. In the first model, population growth is endogenous and the physical limits of the city are fixed. The second model examines the case in which population growth in the region is given, but the city boundary is allowed to vary. We show that in both cases the city will tend to be larger and less dense than is optimal. In each, we examine the sensitivity of the model to the number of neighborhoods and to the size of infrastructure and transportation costs. Finally, we examine optimal subsidies and see how they compare to current policies such as impact fees on new development. 相似文献
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Matthias Neuber 《Revue de synthèse / Centre international de synthèse》2013,134(2):221-247
As common wisdom has it, Pierre Duhem was one of the most important proponents of French philosophy of science around 1900. Usually, his conception of physical theories is regarded as the incarnation of the ancient — proto-positivistic - programme of “saving the phenomena”. This view is correct, but it needs to be supplemented by taking account of the discursive context of Duhem’s position. In this paper it is argued that Duhem’s philosophical colleague Abel Rey played a central role in this connection. 相似文献