排序方式: 共有1310条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
201.
202.
Michael J. O’Brien R. Alexander Bentley 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2011,18(4):309-335
Michael Schiffer’s theoretical and methodological contributions to archaeology are substantial. For the last two decades, Schiffer has become increasingly interested in the history of electrical technology, including portable radios, electric automobiles, eighteenth-century electrostatic technology, and, most recently, nineteenth-century electric light and power systems. Schiffer has long held a behavioral view, which focuses analytical attention on interactions between humans and material things, including complex technological systems (CTSs). For Schiffer, two key aspects of the evolution of CTSs are stimulated variation, defined as an increase in invention resulting from changing selective conditions, and cascading, defined as sequential spurts of invention that occur through the recognition of emergent performance problems in a CTS. To attain maximum usefulness, these concepts should be placed in a modern evolutionary framework that correctly identifies, and does not oversell, the role played by cultural selection. Research on individual and social learning provides the critical link between Schiffer’s stimulated variation and cascade models and the diffusion of CTSs. 相似文献
203.
David Wheatley 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2011,18(3):256-271
This paper notes the adoption of digital photography as a primary recording means within archaeology, and reviews some issues
and problems that this presents. Particular attention is given to the problems of recording high-contrast scenes in archaeology
and high dynamic range imaging using multiple exposures is suggested as a means of providing an archive of high-contrast scenes
that can later be tone-mapped to provide a variety of visualisations. Exposure fusion is also considered, although it is noted
that this has some disadvantages. Three case studies are then presented: (1) a very high-contrast photograph taken from within
a rock-cut tomb at Cala Morell, Menorca, (2) an archaeological test pitting exercise requiring rapid acquisition of photographic
records in challenging circumstances and (3) legacy material consisting of three differently exposed colour positive (slide)
photographs of the same scene. In each case, high dynamic range (HDR) methods are shown to significantly aid the generation
of a high-quality illustrative record photograph, and it is concluded that HDR imaging could serve an effective role in archaeological
photographic recording, although there remain problems of archiving and distributing HDR radiance map data. 相似文献
204.
Alan Mayne 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2011,15(4):553-562
Much of the excitement generated in Britain since 2007 by the York Archaeological Trust’s excavations of the city’s Hungate
neighborhood, which Benjamin Seebohm Rowntree characterized as a “slum” in his pioneering poverty survey of 1901, derives
from the unexpected volume and variety of material evidence uncovered about life in a poor community within a modern industrial
city. Such material evidence and its often uncertain relationships to other historical data can enhance analysis by complicating
understanding of the past, rather than echoing conventional wisdom. Findings from Hungate can thus contribute to nuanced understandings
of urban social disadvantage not only at the neighborhood level in this one particular British city, but at the larger scales
of analysis that encompass the growth of cities and interacting urban regions in Britain and around the world during the nineteenth
and twentieth centuries. These understandings have contemporary relevance for a world in which over half of humanity now lives
in urban areas, as misconceptions about “slums” continue to undermine efforts to reduce urban inequality. 相似文献
205.
Stacey Lynn Camp 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2011,15(3):305-328
In late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century America, the consumption of American-made goods was seen as an expression
of one’s patriotism and loyalty to the nation. According to a number of historical archaeological case studies, racialized
groups, such as African Americans and Chinese Americans, used consumption as a way of gaining access to the full benefits
of American citizenship typically reserved for individuals deemed “white” by law. The material culture of Mexican immigrants
living in early twentieth-century Los Angeles tells a slightly different tale. Despite being ascribed a legal whiteness, archaeological
and documentary data suggest that Mexican immigrants expressed ambivalence toward their consumption of American goods and
outright rejected the notion that exerting such buying power would lead to a broader acceptance in Anglo American society. 相似文献
206.
Mark Gardiner 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2011,15(4):707-724
This study examines how the archaeology of historic Ireland has been interpreted. Two approaches to the history and archaeology of Ireland are identified. The first, the timeless past, has its roots in a neo-Lamarckian view of the past. This perspective was particularly developed in the work of geographer and ethnographer, Estyn Evans. The second view, associated in particular with a nationalist approach to Ireland’s past, looked to the west of the country where it was believed the culture had been preserved largely unchanged and in its purest form. The continuing impact of these frameworks upon the interpretation of rural settlement in the period 1200–1700 is examined. It is argued that historians and archaeologists alike have underestimated the quality of buildings. 相似文献
207.
Jonas M. Nordin 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2011,15(3):358-380
History was an important notion in constructing an industrial capitalist society in the nineteenth century. This article deals
with the manifest use of history at the Stockholm Exhibition of 1897. At this exhibition, history was ubiquitous and was most
fully expressed in the model of medieval and Renaissance Stockholm called “Old Stockholm.” The history of nineteenth- and
twentieth-century exhibitions in general has been thoroughly studied in the field of humanities. However, the specific use
of history and space has not attracted much interest. This analysis of the model of Old Stockholm is of the first archaeological
study of remains of the great exhibitions ever to have been done. Even though the “Old Stockholm” pavilion was exceedingly
popular in the summer of 1897, only very scarce documentation has survived. An archaeological excavation of parts of the temporary
historical models, such as the “Hospital of the Holy Spirit,” showed convincing evidence of the hegemonic position which the
use of history enjoyed at the exhibition and in the nineteenth century. 相似文献
208.
Troy R. Lovata 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2011,15(2):194-205
Anasazi-era archaeology sites have been extremely popular tourist attractions since the 1890s, but one site—the cliff dwellings
in Manitou Springs, Colorado—stands apart because it is a fake. The site was constructed at the turn of the twentieth century
as a more accessible tourist alternative to Four Corners-area Anasazi ruins. The story of its construction and how it continues
to cater to its visitors offers insight into the ways in which archaeology sites function as tourist destination. The Manitou
Cliff Dwellings forces scholars to consider questions of authenticity, authority, and how people engage the past. 相似文献
209.
Eileen M. Murphy 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2011,15(3):409-428
Cilliní—or children’s burial grounds—were the designated resting places for unbaptized infants and other members of Irish society
who were considered unsuitable by the Roman Catholic Church for burial in consecrated ground. The sites appear to have proliferated
from the seventeenth century onwards in the wake of the Counter-Reformation. While a number of previous studies have attempted
to relate their apparently marginal characteristics to the liminality of Limbo, evidence drawn from the archaeological record
and oral history accounts suggests that it was only the Roman Catholic Church that considered cilliní, and those interred within, to be marginal. In contrast, the evidence suggests that the families of the dead regarded the
cemeteries as important places of burial and treated them in a similar manner to consecrated burial grounds. 相似文献
210.
Ewa Smolska 《Geochronometria》2011,38(4):325-333
This study focuses on the analysis of the structural and textural features of the colluvial (deluvial) deposits in the Suwałki
Lake District (NE Poland) and their absolute age. The colluvium has a thickness of up to 150 cm. The dates of the peat under
colluvium or lowermost fossil humus-rich horizons point to the ages from 5405±80 BP to 480 BP. Deposition of material at the
footslope is a result of a denudation triggered by human action (surface water erosion and tillage erosion) and usually corresponds
with the settlement stages. The 14C dating of deposited sediment sometimes indicated to older dates of colluvium then the archaeological evidence available
for examined sites. Locally, the overlying fossil humic horizon was older then the lowermost one. The textural features of
the colluvial deposits such as: the content of fine fraction, weak sorting and relationship between the mean grain-size (Mz)
and the sorting index (σ1) were used to recognize sediment redeposited from the upper part of the slope. Basing on the mineral composition and electrical
conductivity of fossil humus horizon it is possible to say whether the soil was degraded or aggraded. These features of the
humus-rich horizons occurring between colluvial sediments can be used to explain discrepancy between the radiocarbon dating
and archaeological evidence. 相似文献