Iron IIA slag-tempered pottery in the Negev Highlands,Israel

The article presents results of a petrographic investigation of pottery from Iron IIA settlements in the Negev Highlands in southern Israel. It focuses on a group of almost exclusively handmade wares that are tempered with crushed slag. The polarizing and electron microscopes explicitly identify these inclusions as copper smelting slag. Based on the slag as well as certain rock inclusions, the slag-tempered wares can be sourced to the copper districts in the Wadi Arabah, and hence for the first time provide a link between the Negev Highlands and the Arabah copper production centers in the period under review. More specifically, they demonstrate direct involvement of at least part of the pastoral-nomadic Negev Highlands population in the copper extraction system.     

Reviews

R.H. CAMPBELL and ANDREW SKINNER, eds. The Origins and Nature of the Scottish Enlightenment. Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers Ltd., 1982. Pp. vii, 244.£15; JOHN DWYER, ROGER A. MASON, and ALEXANDER MURDOCH, eds. New Perspectives on the Politics and Culture of Early Modern Scotland. Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers Ltd., 1982. Pp. vii, 329. $31.50 (US). Reviewed by J.M. Bumsted

FRANCISCO BALDERRAMA. In Defense of La Roza: The Los Angeles Mexican Consulate and the Mexican Community, 1929–1936. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press, 1982. Pp. xii, 137. $14.95 (US). Reviewed by Mario T. Garcia

ANTHONY BREWER. Marxist Theories of Imperialism: a Critical Survey. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980. Pp. 308. $16.95 (Can). Reviewed by Barrie M. Ratcliffe

TOBIAS R. PHLLBIN. Admiral von Hipper: The Inconvenient Hero. Amsterdam: B.R. Grüner Publishing Co. Distributed in the US by Humanities Press, 1982. Pp. xiii, 231. $27.75 (US). Reviewed by John Mcdermott

STEPHEN MAXWELL, ed. Scotland, Multinationals and the Third World. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing in conjunction with Scottish Education and Action for Development, 1982. Pp. 158. $13.75 (US). Reviewed by David S. Macmillan     

Containing containment: rethinking Italy's experience during the Cold War

This article examines the impact of the Cold War on the Italian political system. It compares the relations of the two main Italian parties - the DC and the PCI - with their external interlocutors and allies - the USA and the USSR - during the first decade of the Cold War. By doing so, the article rejects traditional interpretations of how post-Second World War international constraints limited Italy's sovereignty. It argues instead that the main Italian pro-western party, the Christian Democrats, deliberately opted for a policy of containment of American pressures. Such a policy was functional to the twin objectives of consolidating DC hegemony, and safeguarding Italy's new republican constitution.     

Does EU cohesion policy work? Theory and evidence

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of European Cohesion Policy in the regions of 12 EU countries in the period 1991–2008, on the basis of a spatial growth model, which allows for the identification of both direct and indirect effects of EU funds on GDP per worker growth. We find that “Objective 1” funds are characterized by strong spatial externalities and a positive and concave effect on the growth of GDP per worker, which reaches a peak at the ratio funds/GDP of approximately 3 percent and becomes non‐significant after 4 percent. “Objective 2” and “Cohesion” funds have nonsignificant effects, while all the other funds exert a positive and significant effect, but their size is very limited. EU Cohesion Policy, moreover, appears to have increased its effectiveness over time. In the period 2000–2006 Objective 1 funds are estimated to have a median multiplier equal to 1.52, and to have added 0.37 percent to the GDP per worker growth. Overall, in the period 1991–2008, funds are estimated to have added 1.4 percent to the median annual growth, and to have reduced regional disparities of 8 basis points in terms of the Gini index.     

Bottom-Up Identification of Subsystems in Complex Governance Systems

Theories of policymaking often focus on subsystems within a larger, overarching governance system. However, subsystem identification is complicated by the complexity of governance systems, characterized by multiple, interrelated issues, multi-level interactions, and a diverse set of organizations. This study suggests an empirical, bottom-up methodology to identify subsystems. Subsystems are identified based on bundles of similar observed organizational activity. The study further suggests a set of three elementary criteria to classify individual subsystems. In order to prove the value of the methodology, subsystems are identified through cluster analysis, and subsequently classified in a study of Swiss water governance. Results suggest that Swiss water governance can be understood as a network of overlapping subsystems connected by boundary penetrating organizations, with high-conflict and quiet politics subgroups. The study shows that a principled analysis of subsystems as the interconnected, constituent parts of complex governance systems offers insights into important contextual factors shaping outcomes. Such insights are prerequisite knowledge in order to understand and navigate complex systems for researchers and practitioners alike.     

Hypodontia of permanent teeth among Middle Palaeolithic hominids: an early case dated to ca. 92 000±5000 years BP at the Qafzeh site

The analysis of the maxillae and mandible belonging to a Middle Palaeolithic child has provided evidence of the early appearance of a developmental dental anomaly among Homo sapiens. The material came from the Near Eastern site of Qafzeh. In the mandible there was agenesis of the left second premolar and congenital absence of the right could not be totally excluded. Additional analyses including two presumed cases of dental development anomalies within contemporaneous prehistoric populations showed that tooth agenesis also can affect the anterior region of the mandible, and could be clearly separated from ante-mortem tooth loss caused by trauma. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Radiographic examination of Western bronze and stone sculptures: history of studies, methodologies and data interpretation

过去五十多年里,在对意大利的石雕和大型青铜雕塑进行保护时,各种跨学科的深度评估方法得到了建立。在此框架内,射线照相检测技术取得了进步。射线照相术作为一种无损的研究手段,可以从宏观层面对艺术作品进行考察,在文物评估中一直发挥着核心作用。在检测阶段,射线照相术既可以被用来重构古代艺术工艺和流程,也可以被用来评估文物的机械和结构信息。本文介绍了射线照相术的研究历史及其不同方法,比如中能X射线的使用、高能X射线的应用(线性加速器)、伽马放射性同位素源的使用(伽马射线照相术)。本文描述了射线照相术在石质和青铜雕塑上的重要应用案例,其中对马可·奥勒留骑马像的研究就是一个典型。本文还描述了“高能X射线”的首次应用,该技术被用来检测奥维多大教堂的圣母子、两组天使和一个青铜天篷雕塑。文章的结论部分定义了正确解释数据结果的必要标准,特别是在通过射线照相检测技术探究青铜雕塑检测信息和铸造工艺的相关性时,应该考虑到铸造缺陷和不连续性。