Book Notes

David H. Guston, Between Politics and Science: Assuring the Productivity and Integrity of Research .
Michael Kenny and James Meadowcroft (Eds.), Planning Sustainability .
Cathie Jo Martin, Stuck in Neutral: Business and the Politics of Human Capital Investment Policy .
Michael Mason, Environmental Democracy .
Michael Moran, Governing the Health Care State: A Comparative Study of the United Kingdom, the United States and Germany .
Stephen D. Sugarman and Frank R. Kemerer (Eds.), School Choice and Social Controversy: Politics, Policy, and Law .
Joseph P. Viteritti, Choosing Equality: School Choice, the Constitution, and Civil Society .
Jay D. White, Taking Language Seriously: The Narrative Foundations of Public Administration Research .     

藏族妇女教育历史回顾

藏族妇女教育是藏族教育的重要组成部分。本文通过回顾藏族妇女教育的近现代史,透视藏族社会妇女教育的发展历程,指出藏族妇女教育仍是不容忽视的重要问题。     

How the ideology of low fat conquered america

This article examines how faith in science led physicians and patients to embrace the low-fat diet for heart disease prevention and weight loss. Scientific studies dating from the late 1940s showed a correlation between high-fat diets and high-cholesterol levels, suggesting that a low-fat diet might prevent heart disease in high-risk patients. By the 1960s, the low-fat diet began to be touted not just for high-risk heart patients, but as good for the whole nation. After 1980, the low-fat approach became an overarching ideology, promoted by physicians, the federal government, the food industry, and the popular health media. Many Americans subscribed to the ideology of low fat, even though there was no clear evidence that it prevented heart disease or promoted weight loss. Ironically, in the same decades that the low-fat approach assumed ideological status, Americans in the aggregate were getting fatter, leading to what many called an obesity epidemic. Nevertheless, the low-fat ideology had such a hold on Americans that skeptics were dismissed. Only recently has evidence of a paradigm shift begun to surface, first with the challenge of the low-carbohydrate diet and then, with a more moderate approach, reflecting recent scientific knowledge about fats.     

Life Sciences in the Netherlands: Weakness in a Strong National Policy

The Netherlands is an example of a European country in which the commercialization of knowledge is hampered by a somewhat risk-averse culture at universities and a shortage of venture capital for early growth of start-up firms. This article addresses the policy programme in the Netherlands to improve the situation for the life sciences since the early 2000s. The target number of newly established firms could easily be achieved and the programme was able to improve the business climate for new firm establishment. However, the programme could not improve conditions for growth of new firms because it could not achieve a comprehensive turn in the business climate, due to the short cycle-time of the programme (4–5 years). In addition, the programme did not take advantage of existing critical mass in the largest cluster or from any other competitive strength of particular clusters. These circumstances were influencing a relatively large number of small and vulnerable firms. The article concludes with a set of insights from which lessons can be drawn.     

Community Collaboration and Other Good Intentions

Collaborative and community-based archaeological research encompasses a broad spectrum of approaches; however, there are often discrepancies between how researchers ‘sell’ the collaborative endeavour in theory and how it is actually practised. Over the past several years, I have had the opportunity to participate in several projects, ranging from those that claimed to be ‘truly collaborative,’ to research that maybe should have asked, ‘what community?’ These experiences raised difficult and disturbing questions concerning the nature and practice of collaborative and community-based archaeology. In this paper, I confront these issues as I have experienced them personally. While community-based practices aim to redress a historical and ongoing power imbalance between the researcher and the researched, constant vigilance is required lest the ‘good intentions’ of anthropologists inadvertently mask an exploitation that may be inherent in the structure of research itself. In considering the corporate nature of academia, I query whether the collaborative research model represents a break with the past, or is instead simply the same old practice dressed up in fashionable new language.     

Seismic Assessment of a Monumental Building through Nonlinear Analyses of a 3D Solid Model

ABSTRACT

The paper analyzes the static behavior and the seismic vulnerability of the “San Francesco ad Alto” building in Ancona (Italy), which is currently used as a Regional Headquarter of the Marche Region by the Italian Army and was formerly a monastery. The global static structural behavior and the dynamic properties have been evaluated using the Finite Element modeling technique, in which the nonlinear behavior of masonry has been taken into account by proper constitutive laws. The concepts of homogenized material and smeared cracking are used to evaluate the capacity of the monastery to withstand lateral loads together with the expected demands resulting from seismic actions (N2 method), using a nonlinear static analysis (pushover). The comparison of seismic demand and capacity confirms the susceptibility of these types of buildings to extensive damage and collapse, as frequently observed in similar buildings. This paper aims to point out that advanced numerical analyses can offer significant information on the understanding of the actual structural behavior of historical buildings. It is believed that the methodology and the overall conclusions of this case study are valid for many historical monasteries in Europe.     

Cultural survival: Lessons from the native North Americans

Champagne, Duane. American Indian Societies: Strategies and Conditions of Political and Cultural Survival. Cambridge: Cultural Survival, Inc., 1989. 160 pp. including references. $19.95 cloth, $10.00 paper.

Cohen, Fay G. Treaties on Trial: The Continuing Controversy over Northwest Indian Fishing Rights. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1986. vii + 256 pp. including notes and index. $20.00 cloth, $9.95 paper.

Fahey, John. The Kalispel Indians. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986. vii + 248 pp. including notes, bibliography, and index. $18.95 cloth.

Thornton, Russell. We Shall Live Again: The 1870 and 1890 Ghost Dance Movements as Demographic Revitalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. ix + 95 pp. including appendices, bibliography, and index.