Lobbying Reform and Nonprofit Organizations: policy Images and Constituent Policy

This article explores the interaction of politics and policy through the case of the "Istook Amendment"–proposals made primarily during the 104th Congress that were designed to change policies concerning the permissible lobbying and political advocacy activities of nonprofit organizations (NPOs). It discusses elements that contributed to a shift in the policy image of NPOs, how this shift opened an opportunity for dramatic policy change, and offers possible explanations for why such change failed to be enacted. Conceptually, lobbying reform is treated both as an example of constituent policy and as a device to explore the political dynamics of this type of policy.     

The Virgin Anasazi,far western Puebloans

In the American Southwest, the Virgin Anasazi region included the western part of the Colorado Plateaus and the river valleys of the adjoining Mojave Desert in Utah, Nevada, and Arizona. This occupation spanned the Puebloan periods from Basketmaker II to Early Pueblo III, roughly A.D. 1 to A.D. 1200. Virgin Anasazi subsistence combined cultivation with hunting and gathering. Current research is unveiling a prehistoric society with flexible food procurement strategies and group organization. They underwent a version of the pit house-to-pueblo transition familiar from the Kayenta and northern San Juan areas. Both intra- and interregional exchange seems to have peaked in Late Pueblo II times and then fallen off prior to the end of their culture history. Face-to-face communities remained small, even into the late 1100s, when other Anasazi areas saw the beginnings of aggregation. Their fate, early in the widespread abandonment of the northern Southwest, remains to be understood.     

Health, disease and healing in medieval culture :

Stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen in bone have become increasingly frequent inclusions in archaeological reports over the past few decades. The majority of such studies has been done in North America, where the use of marine foods and the introduction of maize have been monitored. Similar questions have been addressed in Mesoamerica and South America. In Europe, stable isotope ratios have documented the shift from marine fishing and gathering to agriculture in coastal areas and the introduction of millet in parts of eastern and southern Europe. Much work remains to be done in Asia, where millet replaced early C3 plant foods and, in turn, was replaced by rice. In Africa marine adaptations, freshwater fishing, agriculture, and pastoralism all yield diagnostic isotopic signatures. We review these studies, discuss areas requiring further study, and close with discussions of areas promising interesting future developments.     

Bone stable isotope studies in archaeology

Stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen in bone have become increasingly frequent inclusions in archaeological reports over the past few decades. The majority of such studies has been done in North America, where the use of marine foods and the introduction of maize have been monitored. Similar questions have been addressed in Mesoamerica and South America. In Europe, stable isotope ratios have documented the shift from marine fishing and gathering to agriculture in coastal areas and the introduction of millet in parts of eastern and southern Europe. Much work remains to be done in Asia, where millet replaced early C3 plant foods and, in turn, was replaced by rice. In Africa marine adaptations, freshwater fishing, agriculture, and pastoralism all yield diagnostic isotopic signatures. We review these studies, discuss areas requiring further study, and close with discussions of areas promising interesting future developments.