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This article considers the most important aspects of model uncertainty for spatial regression models, namely, the appropriate spatial weight matrix to be employed and the appropriate explanatory variables. We focus on the spatial Durbin model (SDM) specification in this study that nests most models used in the regional growth literature, and develop a simple Bayesian model‐averaging approach that provides a unified and formal treatment of these aspects of model uncertainty for SDM growth models. The approach expands on previous work by reducing the computational costs through the use of Bayesian information criterion model weights and a matrix exponential specification of the SDM model. The spatial Durbin matrix exponential model has theoretical and computational advantages over the spatial autoregressive specification due to the ease of inversion, differentiation, and integration of the matrix exponential. In particular, the matrix exponential has a simple matrix determinant that vanishes for the case of a spatial weight matrix with a trace of zero. This allows for a larger domain of spatial growth regression models to be analyzed with this approach, including models based on different classes of spatial weight matrices. The working of the approach is illustrated for the case of 32 potential determinants and three classes of spatial weight matrices (contiguity‐based, k‐nearest neighbor, and distance‐based spatial weight matrices), using a data set of income per capita growth for 273 European regions. 相似文献
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Die Ministerkonferenz für Raumordnung stellte im Mai 2010 fest, dass sich die „Leitbilder und Handlungsstrategien für die
Raumentwicklung in Deutschland“ (2006) bew?hrt haben und bei der Gestaltung der r?umlichen Entwicklung umgesetzt werden. Um
die Leitbilder den sich ver?ndernden wirtschaftlichen, sozialen und naturr?umlichen Rahmenbedingungen anzupassen und die Erkenntnisse
aus dem bisherigen Diskussions- und Umsetzungsprozess in Politik und Praxis einzubeziehen, sind sie zu erg?nzen und weiterzuentwickeln.
Im Mittelpunkt der Fortschreibung werden die Themen „Partnerschaften und Strategien für Stadtregionen und l?ndliche R?ume“,
„Mobilit?t und Logistik“ sowie „Klimaschutz und Energieversorgung“ stehen. 相似文献
36.
Optical dating of alluvial deposits at the orogenic front of the andean precordillera (Mendoza,Argentina) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Silke Schmidt Sumiko Tsukamoto Eric Salomon Manfred Frechen Ralf Hetzel 《Geochronometria》2012,39(1):62-75
Well constrained numerical ages of alluvial fan sediments are key to understanding the chronology of alluvial episodes and
tectonic activity at the front of the Andean Precordillera. We tested the application of radiocarbon and optically stimulated
luminescence (OSL) dating in the distal part of an alluvial fan five kilometers north of Mendoza. For OSL dating a large number
of aliquots (n > 70) — each composed of ∼50 quartz grains — were measured in order to obtain reliable burial ages despite
scattered dose distributions. Owing to a feldspar contamination in all samples, an infrared stimulation was inserted before
each OSL measurement, which reduced the feldspar OSL signal successfully. By using the minimum age model we obtained stratigraphically
consistent burial ages of alluvial deposits in a depth profile. The uppermost ∼1 m of sediment is composed of debris flow
deposits buried 770±76 years ago. Three plant remnants used for radiocarbon dating from the same layer, however, yielded ages
younger than 350 years, which are interpreted to underestimate the depositional age. Underneath the debris flow, a major unconformity
cuts a series of distal alluvial fan sediments with interstratified floodplain deposits, which are composed of sandy and calciterich
silt layers, respectively. Three samples from this unit which were distributed over one meter of sediment thickness yielded
statistically concordant OSL ages of 12.3±1.2 ka, 12.3±1.2 ka, and 11.7±1.1 ka. The deposition of these sediments during the
latest Pleistocene coincides with a phase of cool and humid climate, which occurred before the alluvial fan propagated farther
into the foreland. The overlying debris flow sediments are associated with alluvial fan incision during the arid Late Holocene. 相似文献
37.
Knowledge Spillovers and Total Factor Productivity: Evidence Using a Spatial Panel Data Model 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
This article investigates the impact of knowledge capital stocks on total factor productivity (TFP) through the lens of the knowledge capital model proposed by Griliches (1979) , augmented with a spatially discounted cross-region knowledge spillover pool variable. The objective is to shift attention from firms and industries to regions and to estimate the impact of cross-region knowledge spillovers on TFP in Europe. The dependent variable is the region-level TFP, measured in terms of the superlative TFP index suggested by Caves, Christensen, and Diewert (1982) . This index describes how efficiently each region transforms physical capital and labor into output. The explanatory variables are internal and out-of-region stocks of knowledge, the latter capturing the contribution of cross-region knowledge spillovers. We construct patent stocks to proxy annual regional knowledge capital stocks for N =203 regions during 1997–2002. In estimating the effects, we implement a spatial panel data model that controls for spatial autocorrelation as well as individual heterogeneity across regions. The findings provide a fairly remarkable confirmation of the role of knowledge capital contributing to productivity differences among regions and add an important spatial dimension to discussions in the literature by showing that productivity effects of knowledge spillovers increase with geographic proximity. 相似文献
38.
Manfred Svensson 《History of European Ideas》2017,43(4):302-316
ABSTRACTThe present article compares John Locke’s and John Owen’s approaches to toleration. Owen, a towering figure of the Puritan revolution and a Protestant scholastic whose work is still the object of significant appreciation in Reformed circles, was Locke’s dean during his time as a student in Oxford. There is a number of treatises on toleration by Owen, especially during the mid-1640s, and later again after the Restoration, in his role as a nonconforming divine. There has also been some speculation regarding the involvement of both Owen and Locke in the circle around Shaftesbury. Together with their writings against Parker and Stillingfleet, this would seem to draw Owen and Locke quite close to each other. Both authors are, however, divided in their approach to Christian doctrine: Owen represents classical confessionalism and Locke modern doctrinal minimalism. The article explores the ways in which these oppositional approaches to doctrine relate to their views of toleration. 相似文献
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Brian Beckers Brigitta Schütt Sumiko Tsukamoto Manfred Frechen 《Journal of archaeological science》2013
The unfavourable mountainous environment of the Petra region in southern Jordan was modified by ancient engineers to supply the Nabataean/Roman city of Petra with food and water. The area was reclaimed by installing extended runoff terrace systems and hydraulic structures. The agricultural terrace systems have so far been dated based on surface pottery, and the chronology of the systems is under debate. In this study, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and radiocarbon dating techniques were successfully applied to date these terrace systems. Samples were taken from the fills of agricultural terraces and underneath their walls to determine the chronology of the construction, use and abandonment of the agricultural terraces. The results suggest that runoff farming in the Petra region started around the beginning of the Common Era, and construction, use and maintenance lasted at least until 800 AD. 相似文献