Long term,close range,in depth Americanist research

Fienup‐Riordan, Ann. Boundaries and Passages. Rule and Ritual in Yup'ik Eskimo Oral Tradition. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994. xxiv + 389 pp. including references and index. $47.50 cloth.

Farrer, Claire R. Thunder Rides A Black Horse: Mescalero Apaches and the Mythic Present. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1994. x + 113 pp. including glossary and references. $8.50 paper.

Frey, Rodney, ed. Stories That Make The World: Oral Literature of the Indian Peoples of the Inland Northwest. As Told by Lawrence Aripa, Tom Yellowtail, and Other Elders. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995. xix + 264 pp. including appendices, notes, glossary, bibliography, and index. $47.50 cloth.     

Decline and sprawl: an evolving type of urban development – observed in Liverpool and Leipzig1

Much of the empirical research on urban sprawl has been carried out in North America and most theoretical studies on this problem have been concerned with expanding urban areas. This study differs, firstly in that it is concerned with sprawl in two European cities, Liverpool in England and Leipzig in Germany, and secondly because both these cities are in decline. This presents an opportunity to explore whether the process of urban sprawl is somehow specific in a situation of urban decline and what its outcomes might be for both urban form and urban policy.     

Extending Moran's Index for Measuring Spatiotemporal Clustering of Geographic Events

Moran's Index for spatial autocorrelation and localized index for spatial association have been widely applied in many research fields as the first step to explore and assess the spatial dependency in a set of geographic events. This article presents extensions to the equations for calculating global and localized spatial autocorrelation so to include the temporal attribute values of the geographic events being analyzed. The extended equations were successfully implemented and tested with a real world data set. In addition, simulated data sets were used to reveal how the extended equations performed. Beyond the usefulness of the extended equations, we suggest that care be taken with regard to assessing spatiotemporal patterns under the normality and randomization assumptions as different outcomes from different assumptions would require different approaches for interpretation.