Substitute or addition to hypermobile lifestyles? Second home mobility and Finnish CO2 emissions

Tourism produces an increasing share in global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These are mostly derived from transport emissions, and long-haul air travel in particular. Short-haul domestic tourism is believed by some to be a potential substitute for long-haul tourism. Using the example of Finland this paper examines the extent to which domestic second home tourism can substitute for other leisure trips and therefore contribute to reductions of travel-generated GHG emissions. Survey data are used to evaluate the CO₂ emissions caused by travel to domestic second homes, and to create statistical models that verify if the owners of domestic second homes travel to other leisure destinations less frequently than others, and if they cause less emissions by their leisure mobility than others with comparable economic and demographic background. We find that although the owners and users of domestic second homes travel for other leisure purposes less frequently than others, this does not mean their leisure mobility generates less emissions. Overall, owners of second homes produce significantly more CO₂ by their leisure mobility than non-owners. The use of second homes does not seem to be a substitute for high emission long-haul travels, but rather a part of an overall highly mobile leisure lifestyle. It is therefore necessary to better understand and influence the entire range of individual mobility behaviours in order to reduce travel-related GHG emissions.     

From operculum to bead: Production of pearls from opercular bones of Cyprinus carpio in the Romanian Eneolithic

Significant amounts of opercular bones from Cyprinus carpio, used to manufacture circular pearls for adornments, were found from the Romanian Eneolithic, associated with the Gumelnita culture. The origins of this raw material are local: the carp was an important food resource for the communities located close to the River Danube. An experimental program was undertaken to obtain replicas of pearls of C. carpio, to compare with the archaeological pieces, in order to identify an a chain of manufacture resulting in the finished pieces. The study of the adornments represents an inexhaustible source of reflection because, through them we can identify aspects of the human groups' symbolical behaviour, and socio-economical aspects of these communities' evolution. In this case they suggest that the aquatic world, with its resources, had an important position in the spiritual life of these communities.     

‘Me at the Centre’: perspectives of children with disabilities on community-based services in Serbia

This paper presents results of the research into perspectives of children with disabilities on the space within community-based services in Serbia. The concept of children's agency and participation is considered in the context of inclusion of children with disabilities in the evaluation of services. Using specially developed ‘Me at the Centre’ evaluation method, 20 children aged between 7 and 17 years receiving the home care, day-care centre and respite care services were interviewed in order to understand their perspectives on the services and the ways to improve them from the child perspective. The research results show that children with disabilities can make a significant contribution to the review and enhancement of community services designed for them.     

A Multidisciplinary Study of a Group of Post‐Classical Cameos from the National Museum in Krakow,Poland

A group of 18 cameos dated from the 16th to 19th centuries (bearing motifs of Roman emperors and female members of their families) from the Constantine Schmidt‐Ci??yński collection was investigated with gemmological analyses, supported by non‐destructive mineralogical methods such as X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and micro‐Raman spectroscopy (RS) to ascertain the material used. Although there is no scientific method to date the specimens precisely, the mineralogical data supported by archaeological analyses enabled the estimation of the possible timing of the manufacture of the gems. As a result, the cameos were divided into four basic chronological groups: (1) Renaissance, (2) Baroque, (3) uncertain and (4) Classical and Neoclassical.     

Identifying food provenience using Sr/Ca ratio in human enamel

The strontium (Sr) concentration in bioapatite of human bone and teeth reflects the Sr concentration in food that is differentiated by two major factors: an abundance of Sr in local soils and the biopurification effect along the trophic levels. Eastern Syria is an area with a relatively high concentration of Sr within the Euphrates valley and a low concentration of Sr beyond the valley. For this reason, the strontium/calcium (Sr/Ca) ratio in human enamel retrieved from skeletons buried in cemeteries within the Euphrates valley may be used as a proxy for food provenience in a local population. A sample of human teeth (N = 72) from Tell Ashara and Tell Masaikh was divided into seven temporal subsets covering periods between c.2200 bce and the early 20th century ce . A significant difference in Sr/Ca values between temporal subsets is observed. The Sr/Ca values in later subsets are negatively correlated with δ¹³C values, indicating the wider exploitation of steppe areas outside the valley with more wild C4 grasses and a low Sr concentration. For periods with lower Sr/Ca values (c.2200–1900 bce and 19th–20th centuries ce ) there is additional textual and isotopic evidence for food transportation from outside the river valley, supporting the interpretation of Sr/Ca values as a proxy for food provenience in this specific area.     

近代中国经济民族主义的多质性——以铁路外债观为考察点

经济民族主义的载体是经济问题，但它又并非仅局限于中外经济关系的调整，而是服务于总的民族主义目标。挽回利权是近代经济民族主义的起点；均势外交是近代中国经济民族主义工具性特性的延展；将经济民族主义的旗帜指向国内政治，则是近代中国政治革新举步维艰的曲折表现。在近代中国，内政与外交、外交与外债联为一体，互联互动，使策略性、功利性运用民族主义成为可能，使经济民族主义发生了功能的异化，进而形成内涵上的多质性。它深刻地展现了近代中国在发展经济与维持民族利益之间的两难选择。     

北洋集团与清末东三省新政

1907年,北洋集团借改设行省之机将势力移植东北地区。以徐世昌为首的北洋集团在东三省大力推行政治体制改革,发展农、工、商、交、金融各业;普兴教育,发展化事业;整顿军事防务,加强国防力量等。这些措施构成了清末东三省新政的主要内容,对清末民初的东北边疆历史产生了重大的影响。     

捐资富民 功在千秋——读清代祁寯藻书《蓝公教织记》

日前,在运城地区河东博物馆一位书画家手中,获清代大学士祁寯藻手书的《蓝公教织记》碑帖,因喜其字,爰及其文,细品细读一过,心里不禁暗自叫好：这分明是旧时代一位父母官体恤百姓,捐资富民的真实记载,文中主人公为官一任,造福一方,读帖文,思其人,深感在我们当今社会仍具有很强的现实意义,给人以诸多启迪,谨录如下：     

借款可以救国?——郑孝胥铁路外债观述评

内政与外交、外交与外债联为一体,互联互动,是近代中国的时代特征。外债的这种特征,使策略性、功利性运用民族主义成为可能。借债救国论源于东北铁路外债交涉,其最初是指厚集洋债,实现均势。在清末宪政运动中,它又延伸到内政方面,成为国会请愿运动的舆论推动力量,并构成了干线国有政策的促动因素。郑孝胥在其间发挥了独特作用。近代铁路外债观的功能异化、内涵的多质化及其政治化倾向在其身上达到了极致。他的经历与思想充分展现了近代中国在利用外资与维持民族利益之间的两难选择,也显示了立宪派的政治性格。