MARCO MUCCIARELLI  ANGELO MASI  MARCO VONA  MARIA ROSARIA GALLIPOLI  PAOLO HARABAGLIA  RICCARDO CAPUTO 《Journal of Earthquake Engineering》2013,17(4):599-614

On October 31 and November 1, 2002, two earthquakes of magnitude 5.4 and 5.3 hit the area at the border between the Molise and Puglia regions in Southern Italy. The damage pattern in the epicentral area qualified the quake as an intensity VII MCS event, although providing a notable exception relevant to the small village of San Giuliano di Puglia. Since the first macroseismic survey, it appeared clear that in S. Giuliano the intensity was two degrees higher with respect to three neighbouring villages located within a radius of 3 km. Soon after the quake, our team started a campaign of microtremor HVSR measurements (Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio), then we installed accelerometers and carried out damage and geological surveys. Finally, we performed a geoelectrical tomography and two profiles of Vs velocity with depth using the NASW technique (Noise Analysis of Surface Waves). The preliminary observations indicate that ground motion amplification is present in S. Giuliano within the frequency band that may affect building. A strong velocity contrast 20 m deep causes the predominant peak. More amplification could be due to more complicated, 2D effects. As regards the damage pattern, it divides S. Giuliano in three zones showing different characteristics and seismic behaviour. A building-by-building survey is still under way to better evaluate vulnerability variations in different zones of the village. However, the acquired data so far is sufficient to propose site amplification as a possible cause of the damage enhancement observed in S. Giuliano.  相似文献   

    

MARIA ROSARIA GALLIPOLI  MARCO MUCCIARELLI  DARIO ALBARELLO  VINCENZO LAPENNA  MARCELLO SCHIATTARELLA  GIORGIO CALVANO 《Journal of Earthquake Engineering》2013,17(1):51-72

We approach from a new standpoint the problem of estimating seismic hazard for some towns and villages located in Val d'Agri area (Southern Italy) that in the past have been affected by several seismic events. The estimates are carried out using a method that is based on the analysis of site seismic history extracted from macroseismic catalogues. To study the influence of site effects two different procedures have been performed: in the first, seismic hazard estimates have been deduced from epicentral data only, in the second, intensity data actually observed at the site are also considered. The difference between the two estimates can be correlated with local variations of seismic response due to local geological features which are responsible for possible cases of amplification. In order to validate the presence of such correlation, seismic hazard estimates have been compared to site amplification measurements obtained by using the HVSR (Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio) technique. Our findings reveal a good correlation between seismic hazard enhancements and the presence of site amplification effects. The application of this kind of analysis to the Val d'Agri area has pointed out that the joint estimates of site seismic hazard enhancement and HVSR measurements could be a helpful tool to identify problems related to seismic microzonation.  相似文献   

    

JULIE W. DE SHERBININ 《Russian Review》2011,70(4):646-662

Since the publication of Tolstoy's novel Anna Karenina, critics have periodically objected to Tolstoy's defense of aristocratic privilege in the character of Konstantin Levin. These critiques, however, have rarely been performed with reference to the literary fabric of Tolstoy's text, that is, his “labyrinth of linkages.” This essay closely examines images of hierarchy in the novel‐with particular reference to heights and depths, the prefix of ascent (voz‐/vos‐) and a corollary mark of descent (unizhenie, or humiliation), the epithets “tall” and “short,” and the frequent appearance of staircases which are associated with falls. The essay begins by charting in detail the ways in which Tolstoy understands the dangers of vertical thinking–epitomized by Vronsky and Anna; and how he views the dismantling of worldly hierarchies to be a prerequisite for the discovery of meaningful emotional and spiritual values–epitomized by Kitty and Levin's family life at the end of the novel. Disturbingly, however, Tolstoy leaves one obvious worldly hierarchy intact: distinction through social rank. The last part of the essay discusses the paradoxes inherent in Levin's doctrine of the superiority of the nobility with reference to images of hierarchy and to contemporary theory on class and race. Paul Schervish's notion of the “moral biographies” of the wealthy helps to frame Tolstoy's inconsistent thinking, as does an analogy between Levin's borrowings from peasant culture and so‐called “White Negroes” in the United States, who have appropriated African American culture to their own benefit while leaving the basic structures of racial hierarchy untouched. The aim of this exercise is not to diminish the novel, but rather to complicate its seemingly straightforward messages–messages that, if not carefully examined, encourage privileged young American readers to identify with Levin's sense of moral elevation without taking into account the privilege of economic advantage.  相似文献   

    

HANS KNIPPENBERG  SJOERD DE VOS 《Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie = Journal of economic and social geography = Revue de géographie économique et humaine = Zeitschrift für ?konomische und soziale Geographie = Revista de geografía económica y social》1983,74(2):120-128

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MARIA VODENSKA 《Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie = Journal of economic and social geography = Revue de géographie économique et humaine = Zeitschrift für ?konomische und soziale Geographie = Revista de geografía económica y social》1992,83(5):409-417

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N. J. KEMPER  M. DE SMIDT 《Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie = Journal of economic and social geography = Revue de géographie économique et humaine = Zeitschrift für ?konomische und soziale Geographie = Revista de geografía económica y social》1980,71(1):21-40

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PAUL MISDORP  BEN DE PATER 《Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie = Journal of economic and social geography = Revue de géographie économique et humaine = Zeitschrift für ?konomische und soziale Geographie = Revista de geografía económica y social》1984,75(5):370-371

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PIETER TERHORST  JACQUES VAN DE VEN 《Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie = Journal of economic and social geography = Revue de géographie économique et humaine = Zeitschrift für ?konomische und soziale Geographie = Revista de geografía económica y social》1990,81(4):267-279

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THERESE LINDGREN  MARIA R. NILSEN 《Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie = Journal of economic and social geography = Revue de géographie économique et humaine = Zeitschrift für ?konomische und soziale Geographie = Revista de geografía económica y social》2012,103(2):196-208

Safety in green spaces was examined within residential areas with multi‐family housing in Swedish towns. The focus was on a specific type of space in order to identify elements important for the feeling of safety in that realm. The method used was qualitative interviews with residents and housing company staff. Housing staff and residents emphasised good lighting and low vegetation as important elements for feeling safe. Another key element raised by residents was knowing and recognising people in the area and being able to place them in appropriate contexts. Low shrubs and lighting improved the view. Visibility had a close connection to viewing other people and distinguishing between desirable and undesirable people, a classification aided by knowledge about residents in the area. The three elements lighting, cut shrubs and knowledge about neighbours are all contextualised and given meaning here in a broader understanding of how safety is experienced.  相似文献   

    

MANUEL A. ROJO‐GUERRA  RAFAEL GARRIDO‐PENA  I IGO GARCÍA‐MARTÍNEZ DE LAGRN 《Oxford Journal of Archaeology》2010,29(3):253-275

An interpretation of the features surrounding the complex and deliberate closure ritual in several collective Middle Neolithic tombs of the Ambrona Valley (Soria) is offered, where fire and quicklime played a major role in the rituals. The problems involved in the excavation and the understanding of this complex burial evidence are examined. The roles they might have played in the context of the important social and economic transformations of the local Neolithic groups around the end of the fourth millennium cal BC are also analysed. It is argued that the burial rituals tried to reinforce group solidarity at a time when the community was beginning to fragment, as the economic systems began to yield a surplus production whose management would have altered political structures.  相似文献