Psychosurgery in Sweden 1944-1964

This study presents results on hitherto unknown data on lobotomies performed at the former State Mental Hospital of Umedalen (from here on called simply "Umedalen") in the north of Sweden. More than 700 operations were carried out from 1947 through 1960, and we calculated the average rate of postoperative mortality to 7.4 percent, and that 63 percent of those who were operated were women. By considering annual hospital reports to the National Board of Health (Medicinalstyrelsen), we also made the first mapping of early psychosurgery in Sweden; approximately 4,500 lobotomies were performed between 1944 and 1966. Statistical analysis, qualitative content analysis, and discourse analysis were used. The study supports earlier findings of female preponderance in the number of lobotomy operations.     

William Pulteney Alison, the Scottish philosophy, and the making of a political medicine

This article considers the public health and social-reform agitations of Dr. William Pulteney Alison (1790-1858), professor of medicine at Edinburgh University and leader of the Scottish medical profession, in the context of Scottish moral philosophy. Throughout his career, Alison reflected on what has come to be recognized as a central problem of social medicine: where did its domain end? At what point did the medical mission of identifying and eliminating factors that harm health pass into a non-medical domain-the provinces of political economy, individual liberty, participatory politics, or acceptance of nature's dictates? On these issues Alison was an expansionist, relentlessly pushing back the borders of medicine. Drawing on Alison's writings on such disparate topics as the philosophy of mind, the epidemiology of infectious diseases, and modes of agrarian organization, the article argues that the trajectory of much of Alison's work was to discover the structural implications of a comprehensive biological reading of human capacity and behavior. It is therefore appropriate to see him as a promulgator of a "political medicine," which he presented as a critical alternative to the classical political economy of the Scottish Malthusians. The article concludes by suggesting that Alison's work (and influence) have been under-recognized and remain pertinent to modern social epidemiology, public health, and medicine more broadly.     

托忒文历史文献对清朝官方史籍编纂的影响

二十世纪三十至四十年代 ,陈垣先生曾大力倡导史源学研究。史源学的要义 ,是追寻史学论著的史料来源 ,检验立论的依据 ,考证其中的讹误。半个世纪以来 ,史源学不但在历史学界享有盛誉 ,而且扬起学术规范化的风帆 ,驶向邻近学科的学术港湾 ,产生广泛的影响。① 当然这主要讲的是对汉文文献研究的影响。在蒙文文献的研究方面 ,1 978年蒙古国学者沙·比拉在他的专著《蒙古史学史》中也关注到了这一问题。他在研究“帝国时代的蒙古史学史 (十三———十四世纪 )”的有关著述《圣武亲征录》、《元史》时就断言 ,它们的资料来源中有不少蒙古文资料…     

亚斯尔·十娃子--东干书面文学的创始人

今天很难想象,东干曾经没有自己的文字,甚至没有一个作家。这样的时代是有过的。那时候,人们仅仅满足于民间口头创作的作品。到1931年才出版了文艺创作的第一本书,这本书就是亚斯尔·十娃子的诗集《启明星》。当时作者年仅25岁。现在,70年过去了,可以设想,亚斯尔·十娃子和他的第一批读者当时体验到了什么样的感觉,也许与飞行的感觉相似。现在可以肯定地说,亚斯尔·十娃子的书是东干书面文学的开始,称他为东干书面文学的创始人是完全正确的。第一本书的出版无疑成为作家的一个巨大成就,在这之前是诗人和学者般的紧张工作。使用自己发明的文…     

美索不达米亚早期食物生产的生态学——史前农人与牧人开发一系列位置相邻却差异显著的气候区

大美索不达米亚,在这里广泛地定义为阿拉伯河（Shattal—Arab）各支流汇人的整个地区,长期以来它是公众兴趣和学术研究的舞台。近年来,关注点转向这样一个事实,即它是世界上少数几个农业与动物饲养独立出现的地区之一。虽然已有许多近东粮食生产起源方式出色的文化历史学复原,但是大多数并未直接解决感兴趣的非专业人士最常提出的一些生态学问题。本文研究其中的某些问题。     

Animal electricity at the end of the eighteenth century: the many facets of a great scientific controversy

In the 1790s, Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta were the main protagonists of a lively debate on the role of electricity in animal organisms. Significant developments originated from this debate, leading to the foundation of two new disciplines, electrodynamics and electrophysiology, that were to play a crucial role in the scientific and technological progress of the last two centuries. The Galvani-Volta controversy has been repeatedly reconstructed, sometimes in an attempt to identify the merits and the errors of one or the other of the two protagonists, sometimes with the aim of demonstrating that the theories elaborated by the two Italian scholars were irreconcilable, reflecting completely different ways of looking at phenomena and conceiving of scientific research. In this article a different interpretation is offered, based on a discussion of the scientific issues that were central to Galvani's and Volta's research, and with reference to the context of science and society of the eighteenth century.     

西南外贝加尔铁器时代的布尔霍图伊文化

西南外贝加尔是西伯利亚考古学史方面的重要地区之一.它位于贝加尔湖沿岸地区和阿穆尔河(黑龙江)流域之间,与蒙古及其草原文化毗邻.     

Anachronisms or failures? Family strategies in the sixteenth century, as drawn from collective biographies of solicitors in Aix-en-Provence

This article highlights the patterns that can be observed in the matrimonial alliances of solicitors in sixteenth-century Aix-en-Provence and family strategies understood as a corpus of rational decisions bearing on the long term. Defined this way, family strategies applied to sixteenth-century solicitors are an anachronism. The new and unstable context in which the sixteenth-century solicitor found himself prevented families from having a clear view of the objectives to achieve and from devising a rational strategy. The article presents the model that most of the solicitors' alliances followed and suggests the obstacles that appeared before the main actor in family planning, the one who wielded paternal authority, in the creation of these alliances. The example of the Maria family shows women who decided, against the will of their family, whom they would marry. This article highlights the historian's reconstruction of typical family behavior and the limited possibilities that families had to plan over the long term.     

Information and Local Activism: The Case of Two County Instructors in Early Nineteenth-Century Fujian and Taiwan

This article examines the efforts of two county instructors (jiaoyu), Xie Jinluan and Zheng Jiancai, to bolster the security of the maritime frontier and stabilize local society in early 19th century Fujian and Taiwan. Occurring during the Jiaqing transition in which Chinese elites increasingly voiced concerns about problems afflicting the empire, Xie and Zheng waged an information campaign to lobby for local issues while embedded in county educational posts. Printing their treatises through their alma mater, the Aofeng Academy, Fuzhou’s premier educational institution that promoted a rigorous Neo-Confucian scholarly orientation, and using well-positioned Aofeng alumni to take their causes to Beijing, the instructors were able to make changes on the local level and provide Qing officials with a new source of “expert” local information that bypassed the regular bureaucracy. By producing information on themes of local governance and manipulating the elite network of the Aofeng Academy that connected Fujian to circles of power in Beijing, Xie and Zheng became models of local political action, influencing new generations of Fujianese scholars over the 19th century.     

奈费尔德古墓地(上)

引言 1966年,А.П.奥克拉德尼科夫和A.П.杰列维扬科部分地发表了1960年在犹太自治州奈费尔德镇靺鞨古墓地发掘的资料①.这座大墓地在阿穆尔河沿岸地区的早期中世纪遗存中牢固地占据着首要的地位,因为它的陶器资料(在口沿下饰附加堆纹的手制瓶形或罐形陶器)和墓葬(土穴墓二次葬)是其特点之一,А.П.奥克拉德尼科夫把它划定为"完整的靺鞨考古学文化"②.