“红军城”与“红军菩萨”的邂逅

审完最后一篇纪念红军长征胜利70周年特辑的稿件,长长呼出一口气,闭上眼睛。原本想养养神,可是不知怎么了,眼前总是晃动着无数红军的身影,他们虽衣衫不整、步履艰难,但却精神矍烁,充满革命斗志。他们走在泥泞的道路上,长长地队伍伸向天边,伸向地尾,突然,一座城市从地平线上冒了     

Psychosurgery in Sweden 1944-1964

This study presents results on hitherto unknown data on lobotomies performed at the former State Mental Hospital of Umedalen (from here on called simply "Umedalen") in the north of Sweden. More than 700 operations were carried out from 1947 through 1960, and we calculated the average rate of postoperative mortality to 7.4 percent, and that 63 percent of those who were operated were women. By considering annual hospital reports to the National Board of Health (Medicinalstyrelsen), we also made the first mapping of early psychosurgery in Sweden; approximately 4,500 lobotomies were performed between 1944 and 1966. Statistical analysis, qualitative content analysis, and discourse analysis were used. The study supports earlier findings of female preponderance in the number of lobotomy operations.     

博物馆藏品的保管与修复(十)

第三節有机成分的材料骨骨中同時有兩种成分存在——礦物質的成分和有机物的成分。骨的礦物質是由磷酸石灰構成的。这种磷酸石灰構成一种極其複雜的骨的結構,这种結構在阻抗裂開以及阻抗压力、折損等等作用上,是有着非常高的耐久性的。骨的有机     

臨描白桦树皮文献及木刻物品的方法

由於在诺夫哥罗德发现了一些白桦树皮的文献,诺夫哥罗德考古勘查团团长A·B·阿尔齐霍夫斯基交给本文作者一项任务:将文献的全文临描到纸上去。因为树皮有裂纹、各种不同的缺陷以及后期遭受的意外损害等等,所以必须注意,而且在临摹时要倍加细心。文献有着下列特点:被压平不久的树皮极力要恢复其原来的捲曲的状态;树皮表面潮湿,其中某些甚脆;再加上材料具有特别的价值,要求我们十分细心对待;所以我们必须选择最合适的临摹方法。上述的特点使我们平常在类似的情况下所採用的临摹方法变成无所作为,因为在白桦树皮上面有着本来就有的细纹,所以我不能拓原文,而且这样做法也可能对树皮有所损害;我们也不能用透明腊纸,不仅因为腊纸不够透明,而且因为它一压在树皮上面,就出现了褶痕;至於平常所用而结果甚好的攝影方法,也不适用,因为在田野工作的条件下,照片往往不够明晰。另一方面,把文献上每一侗字母逐字临摹的办法,则费时太久。这就使工作出现了困难,例如在一九五二年,有些日子甚至每日发掘到九件文献之多。我曾运用了下述的方法:将文献放在一块玻璃上,然后用另一块洗得乾乾净净的玻璃压上,在这块玻璃上,用绘图墨笔勾下文献的整个轮廓,并精确地描下文献的全文。这时,描图人的目光应正确地集中在所要描画的字母上面,否则可能产生视差的错误,字体不正以及其他现象。在玻璃上描出来的图是精确的,只是略嫌粗糙,因为我们要求每一线条的粗细郁与原物一样,可是某些地方的墨跡渗开来,线条就显得太粗肥了。为了要再描画到纸上,就得运用常用的方法,即在透明的玻璃下,放好那块已经描上文献图样的玻璃,用铅笔把它印到纸上。     

博物馆藏品的保管与修复(十)

三、金 "金"屬於貴金屬之類,即屬於很少变化的金屬之類。它的比重是一九·三,熔點温度是一千零六十四度。金是廣泛用於日常生活中所有金屬內最不易受到破坏的金屬。如果我們有純金製的物品,那麽就可以有確信地說,任何外部破坏因素对它也不能起作用的。     

Linked population and economic models: some methodological issues in forecasting,analysis, and policy optimization

Some problems associated with demographic-economic forecasting include finding models appropriate for a declining economy with unemployment, using a multiregional approach in an interregional model, finding a way to show differential consumption while endogenizing unemployment, and avoiding unemployment inconsistencies. The solution to these problems involves the construction of an activity-commodity framework, locating it within a group of forecasting models, and indicating possible ratios towards dynamization of the framework. The authors demonstrate the range of impact multipliers that can be derived from the framework and show how these multipliers relate to Leontief input-output multipliers. It is shown that desired population distribution may be obtained by selecting instruments from the economic sphere to produce, through the constraints vector of an activity-commodity framework, targets selected from demographic activities. The next step in this process, empirical exploitation, was carried out by the authors in the United Kingdom, linking an input-output model with a wide selection of demographic and demographic-economic variables. The generally tenuous control which government has over any variables in systems of this type, especially in market economies, makes application in the policy field of the optimization approach a partly conjectural exercise, although the analytic capacity of the approach can provide clear indications of policy directions.     

Migration in Finland,a multi-level system of regions

A systems approach is applied to the study of migration trends in Finland for the period 1971-1981, with particular attention to the period 1971-1978. The results indicate the existence of six permanent migration regions linked by a multilevel system. "The organization of this system varies from one part of the country to another, the most common modes being hierarchical tree flow networks belonging to a nodal system and polar and dendritic networks associated with a highly polarized system. The nodal system mode is seen to be increasing in currency."     

博物館藏品的保管与修復(六)

陶土和石的製品統一為一組共同類的材料,是因爲它們的保管和修復方法幾乎是相同的。这是依这些製品的材料的本來性質决定的。但是,这种情况卻要求極準確的鑑定;不然的話,我們就能糟蹋不少的博物館文物。問題在於:‘石’的概念是包羅着如此多种的材料,以致於我們雖然在实踐上似乎也明白‘石’是什麽,但是我們卻不能指定出確切的特徵;因此,如果我們想科学地看待關於这种材料的保管与修復的問題,那麼就必須確切地斷定我們所要修復的究竟是什麼樣的材料。下面的幾個例子將要說明这個問題。例如,大家都或多或少地熟悉孔雀石(石綠)。如果把孔雀石和大理石來比較一下,它們的硬度和若干其他特徵就多少是相同的,甚至於大理石的色澤有時都像孔雀石的色澤;但是化学成分上它們完全不同。一個是炭酸銅的氧化物,