关于职工培养与合理使用劳动力

一千和一个职业现代化生产对职工的技能提出更高要求。人员培养问题,这是提高全苏劳动力潜力的总计划的非常重要部分。现在在国民经济中每一千个工作人员中就有二百多名受过高等教育和中等专业教育。看起来数量不少,但对具有高度技能的人员的需求是在不断地迅速增加。到1990年国家需要一千六百二十万受过高等教育的专家和二千四百万受过中等专业教育的人材。这比我们1975年拥有的专家多半倍。现在已经有大约三百八十个工种,为了掌握这些工种需要有中等技术学校范围的专业知识。     

农业生产的管理

党和政府在巩固集体农庄和国营农场的物质技术基础的同时,十分重视完善农业生产的管理以及农业的专业化和集中化。跨部门的合作和农工一体化为集体农庄、国营农场参加合作的加工企业更充分利用专业化生产的优越性创造了客观的条件。现在跨部门合作包括农庄和农场生产农产品的企业有:种子业、饲料生产、幼畜和奶牛饲养、建筑、机械化、土壤改良、农业化学服务和社会生活服务方面的企业。各种跨部门的农工企业和联合公司的数量在1981年初为13,200个,即近五年来增加了50%。现有96%的集体农庄和2/3以上的国营农场参加了各种各样的合作。在农产品的     

二战期间的日本工业

很少有一个新兴起的工业国家会像日本在第二次世界大战时那样,面临着那么大的挑战。由于海军大将山本五十六对珍珠港的无情袭击,使得日本人发现他们正在和世界上最强大最有效率的工业国—美国进行一场生死较量。然而前景是可悲的,日本工业在很大程度上要依赖进口的原料。钢铁生产在其最高峰时也只有美国产量的1/13;煤只有1/9。电力输出量从没有达到美国电力输出量的16％。美国在1943年一年所生产的飞机数量比日本在整个战争时期所生产的还多得多—几乎多50％以上。在1944年,即使日本的造船厂竭尽全力,造船的吨位也只及美国的17％。     

Linked population and economic models: some methodological issues in forecasting,analysis, and policy optimization

Some problems associated with demographic-economic forecasting include finding models appropriate for a declining economy with unemployment, using a multiregional approach in an interregional model, finding a way to show differential consumption while endogenizing unemployment, and avoiding unemployment inconsistencies. The solution to these problems involves the construction of an activity-commodity framework, locating it within a group of forecasting models, and indicating possible ratios towards dynamization of the framework. The authors demonstrate the range of impact multipliers that can be derived from the framework and show how these multipliers relate to Leontief input-output multipliers. It is shown that desired population distribution may be obtained by selecting instruments from the economic sphere to produce, through the constraints vector of an activity-commodity framework, targets selected from demographic activities. The next step in this process, empirical exploitation, was carried out by the authors in the United Kingdom, linking an input-output model with a wide selection of demographic and demographic-economic variables. The generally tenuous control which government has over any variables in systems of this type, especially in market economies, makes application in the policy field of the optimization approach a partly conjectural exercise, although the analytic capacity of the approach can provide clear indications of policy directions.