The bronze artifacts from the Yejiashan site and the political presence of the Zhou dynasty in the middle Yangtze Plain: an application of lead isotope analysis

Lead isotope ratios of 15 Chinese bronze artifacts from the Yejiashan site (Suizhou City, Hubei Province) were analyzed and compared with copper ores across China. This study attempts to provide a new perspective to discuss the role that Zeng State played among all the vassal states in the early Zhou dynasty (ca. 1046–977 BC). The political presence of the Zhou dynasty in the middle Yangtze Plain is another main content of this paper. The lead isotopic characteristics of Chinese bronze artifacts between different historical periods are also in the scope of the study. By comparison, the lead isotopic ratios of the tested bronzes and copper deposits in the north Jiangxi Province show numerous overlaps. It indicates that the tested bronzes might have a single ore source, and this source was in the south of the Zhou dynasty. Combined with history and archaeological records, it is highly likely that the middle Yangtze Plain might be a part of the Zhou dynasty since the very beginning. Moreover, Zeng State might have a great influence in the ancient middle Yangtze Plain, and the nobles of Zeng State might even have authority to supervise certain area extending to Jiujiang. As lead isotopes of the bronzes appear to show a clear relation to chronology, the change of lead isotope patterns across times may further serve to distinguish the bronzes of the Western Zhou dynasty from the late Shang ones.     

张謇的博物馆建设思想对高校博物馆的启示

张謇创办的南通博物苑是中国最早的高校博物馆之一,其首要目的是服务于通州师范学校的教学,此外还要为其他学校师生及社会提供服务。张謇主张"渐进"式建馆、全面征集藏品,且要做好维护工作,以达到可持续发展的目的,这些建馆思想对于解决目前高校博物馆在建设和运营中存在的一些问题,具有很强的借鉴意义。拥有世界一流高校博物馆是建设"双一流"大学的有力推手,对此,高校博物馆应有明确的定位和宗旨目标,首要服务于学校的教学、科研;创新宣传方式,充分整合可用资源,为公众提供服务。     

Cultural policy and revolutionary music during China’s Cultural Revolution: the case of the Shanghai Symphony Orchestra

This paper examines the relation between the cultural policy of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the music of model plays (yangbanxi 样板戏), especially music produced by Western symphony orchestras, during the ten-year Cultural Revolution in China. It takes the Shanghai Symphony Orchestra (SSO) as the focal point of this historical episode. Model plays of the Cultural Revolution promoted communist and revolutionary themes. All aspects of their performance were examined for conformity to Maoist thought. This paper explores how the CCP’s ideology and its cultural policy were embodied in revolutionary music, using one of the model plays, Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy, as an analytical case study. Most of the historical materials cited in this research are held by the SSO Archive. The SSO played a crucial role in creating and performing the music for Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy. The academic value of its archive has long been overlooked. This paper provides a new perspective on the Cultural Revolution, one viewed through policies of a Western symphony orchestra, and it suggests that scholars apply the term ‘cultural policy’ more deliberately in future studies of the Chinese Cultural Revolution.     

Developing FTIR Microspectroscopy for the Analysis of Animal-Tissue Residues on Stone Tools

The analysis of microscopic residues on stone tools provides one of the most direct ways to reconstruct the functions of such artifacts. However, new methods are needed to strengthen residue identifications based upon visible-light microscopy. In this work, we establish that reflectance Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIRM) can be used to document IR spectra of animal-tissue residues on experimental stone tools. First, we present a set of reflectance FTIRM standards for the most commonly identified animal-tissue residues on stone tools: skin, meat, fat, hair, blood, feather barbules, fish scales, and bone. We provide spectral peak assignments for each residue and demonstrate that high-quality reflectance FTIRM spectra can be generated under ideal circumstances. Second, we document the spectra for these residues when they are located on a stone substrate such as flint or obsidian. We discuss procedures for correcting spectra that are affected by specular reflection and explain the effects of spectral interference from the stone. Our results show that reflectance FTIRM is sensitive to small intra-sample differences in composition. This means that it will record the effects of decomposition in ancient residues. The methodological developments we present here will help lithic residue analysts incorporate in situ reflectance FTIRM into their analysis protocols to strengthen identifications.     

The Integration of VHR Satellite Imagery,GPR Survey and Boring for Archaeological Prospection at the Longcheng Site in Anhui Province,China

This paper is focused on the joint use of non‐invasive and minimal intervention techniques for supporting archaeological prospection. Very high resolution (VHR) satellite imagery analysis and ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) and boring surveys were integrated for the study of the Longcheng site, located near Hefei city in Anhui Province, China, to test their effectiveness and efficiency in prospecting archaeological remains and evaluating their degree of preservation. First, target locations of potential archaeological structures were identified on a WorldView‐2 (WV‐2) satellite image through spatial and radiometric enhancement, interpretation and object‐oriented classification. Second, archaeological features extracted from the WV‐2 imagery were further investigated by a GPR survey that provided detailed cross‐checking information about buried remains. Finally, a subsequent boring survey was conducted across those prospective archaeological structures in order to map the stratigraphic sequences on the basis of colour, compactness and the inclusions contained in the soil, and then to test their correspondence with the GPR data. The boring led to detailed confirmation of the results produced by the remote sensing analyses and GPR surveys, as well as the discovery of datable artefacts. On the basis of all the integrated data, the preliminary layout and structure of the Longcheng site was reconstructed in GIS. Furthermore, the widths, lengths, heights and burial depths of these buried archaeological structures were estimated in detail.     

Application of Kernel Density Estimates to Lead Isotope Compositions of Bronzes from Ningxia,North‐West China

The aim of this paper is to apply kernel density estimates (KDEs) to the visualization and interpretation of lead isotope data from bronze assemblages found along the northern border of central China, here designated as the Arc. New lead isotope analyses of 30 leaded tin–bronze artefacts from the Wangdahu cemetery (c.500–300 bc ) in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, north‐west China, provide the basis for the discussion. By using multivariate KDEs and the calculated likelihood of the overlap, the present work shows that the Wangdahu objects feature a unique linear array of isotope ratios, representing an important element of overall bronzes from the Arc in the first millennium bc . This characteristic isotope signature is fundamentally different from that of Dajing ores in north‐east China, as well from that of early Qin bronzes in Shaanxi and Gansu provinces. This suggests that a variety of metal resources were utilized by peoples living in the Arc. The KDE approach thus proves effective at presenting and comparing lead isotope data.     

青铜粉状锈中生物因素的影响

本文探讨了青铜粉状锈中生物因素的影响。实验结果表明：微生物在青铜腐蚀中起了促进作用。     

宋播州冉氏事迹考信录

有宋播州冉氏,冉琎、冉璞兄弟之外,记载无多.明景泰《寰宇通志》、天顺《大明一统志》提及冉从周,亦甚简略,仅言其举嘉熙进士,官珍州守.至于冉氏族属、父子世系、祖籍里居,更多讹误.本文系《宋播州冉彦正墓志考释》的下篇,旨在通过对有宋播州冉氏事迹的考证,澄清播州冉氏信息传播中的记载讹误,在《杨文神道碑》、《宋史》余玠传、《通鉴续编》理宗纪、景泰《寰宇通志》、天顺《大明一统志》等早期少量文献之外,略微补充播州冉氏部分珍贵细节.     

明朝在西藏的统治地位（英文）

During the historic process that Tibet became an inalienable part of China,the Ming dynasty was one of the important phases.The central government of the Ming dynasty,especially Emperors Hongwu and Yongle paid significant attention to governing Tibet.They not only inherited the Yuan dynasty?s rights in Tibet,but also made some adjustments.     

商周家族墓地所见复合族徽铜器墓葬的葬制与葬俗

商周家族墓地所见复合族徽铜器墓葬分为三类,墓葬形制均为长方形或近似长方形的竖穴土坑,均以木棺或棺椁为葬具,随葬有1套或2套青铜礼器,墓葬分布主要见于殷墟地区,墓葬位置大多位于所在墓区或墓组边缘,墓葬排列常见为男女"异穴并葬"。这些情况说明,复合族徽很可能是族氏分化或族氏联姻关系的反映,而不是通常所理解的族组织。