‘It is not fair that he is treated as a commoner’: lower-level native lords in the repartimiento of Macha (Charcas) under colonial rule, 1540–1619

This article studies the impact of colonial rule on Andean hierarchies of power, underlining the role of lower-level native leaders who enabled paramount lords to organize labor services, levy tribute, and govern Andean polities. Using the repartimiento of Macha (Charcas) as a case study, this article examines the impact of external colonial authorities' actions against the backdrop of rising internal tensions within Andean polities. Segmented polities such as Macha faced increasing tensions, giving rise to new mediating roles for lesser-ranking native leaders, placing the subordinate lords' fight for status at the center of debate. This article starts by exploring the first interrelations between lesser-ranking lords and colonial authorities under the encomienda system through the late 1560s. It then turns to the impact of Viceroy don Francisco de Toledo's reforms in the early 1570s, which simplified and standardized native hierarchies of power within each repartimiento while also fragmenting local Andean elites between tribute-paying lords and those exempted of from it. Finally, the article examines the reactions of lower-level native leaders in the face of new constraints regarding tribute exemption and related obligations in the early seventeenth century, as exemplified by indio principal don Diego Chambi.     

Radiometric dates and micromorphological evidence for synchronous domestic activity and sheep penning in a Neolithic cave: Cueva de El Toro (Málaga,Antequera, Spain)

We present radiocarbon dates and preliminary micromorphological information from the Neolithic cave site of Cueva del Toro (Antequera, Málaga, Spain). This site has yielded a rich early and late Neolithic archaeological record. The late Neolithic assemblage reflects specialized handcraft activity including in situ ceramic manufacture, textile production, and food processing along with sheep and goat penning, suggesting that the cave occupants and their domestic animals shared the same living space. Until now, dating of the stratigraphic sequence was incomplete, and the function of the combustion activities carried out at the cave remained unclear. New absolute dates from the main late Neolithic domestic activity area, corresponding to the most intense Neolithic occupation of the cave, allow us to place the entire sequence between 5320 and 5170 BP (or 4250–3950 to 2σ Cal BC). Micromorphological results show that many combustion features from this site represent recurrently burnt episodes on sheep/goat stabling deposits all along the sequence, corroborating human-goat/sheep cohabitation. This practice had not been previously documented in southern Spain for such early dates. Our results exemplify the importance of characterizing archaeological deposits at a microstratigraphic scale of observation.     

机助制图在土地定级中的应用研究——以塘沽为例

本文对用计算机系统协助设计、制作土地定级系列图进行了尝试。利用编制的辅助绘图程序,加速了成图周期,提高了制图质量。并对不同CAD系统间图形相互转换进行了分析,实现了土地定级系列图从TekniCAD到AutoCAD系统中的移植。对机助制图的优势进行了阐述。     

神话与宗教中理想景观的文化地理透视

神话与宗教是原始的哲学和宇宙观,理想景观是其中一个重要组成部分。根据文化圈的不同,世界神话与宗教可划分为三种地域类型:中国式、希腊式和希伯莱式。它们各有其不同的理想景观类型。理想景观是人们对于环境的选择和改造,它的形成受自然环境和文化的双重作用,其中自然环境的作用是潜在的、基础性的,而文化的作用是直接的和本质性的。不同的文化通过神话和宗教中的理想景观类型来表达自己的景观理想,又依据这些理想,通过地理回归在现实中使其物化,实现对地理环境的影响。     

基于女性主义视角的城市住房与住区问题初探--以南京市为例

当代中国城市社会日益复杂和多元化,在以人为本和社会公平的社会思潮背景下,地理学界和规划界有必要深入关注女性这一重要亚群体单元。本文在简要引入西方女性主义地理学以及其关于城市住区发展理念的基础上,通过对南京的实证调查,从女性的角度分析了国内住房供给以及住区规划建设中存在的若干问题,揭示女性需求、性别差异在住区规划和建设中被忽视的现实,并对今后住区建设提出一些基于性别差异和维护男女平等原则的规划设想。     

评钱穆的中国社会演变论

中国社会演变论是钱穆先生用以中国史研究的史学理论,其内容和形式有一个发展、变化过程。这一理论的基本内涵是：以政治制度的演变为主体、以“士人政治”的变迁为主线用以考察中国历史上的社会演变过程,它反映了钱穆先生关于春秋以前是“封建社会”,战国以下是“四民社会”而非封建社会的中国史观点。这一理论的意图在于：用中国历史上社会演变的有限性来证成中国文化精神传统的不变性,其理论实质是道统文化史观。     

汉冶萍公司的钢铁销售与我国近代钢铁市场（1908-1927）

汉冶萍公司改制组建以来,其产品销售机构和规章制度逐步完善,并多方开展了营销活动;在钢铁煤焦矿石各种产品销售中,钢铁销售收入占据重要地位,构成公司运转常年经费开支的主要来源;但当年国内市场十分狭小,钢铁销售既被外国列强挤压,又受国内政府挟制（主要在钢轨销售方面）;而在国外主要对日销售中,更遭其百般盘剥打击,致使我国惟一一个钢铁煤焦联合企业被迫沦为单纯为其供给铁矿石的开采机构。     

图照在地方年鉴中的地位和作用

图照是年鉴的重要组成部分 ,是年鉴体裁之一 ,其地位和作用是文字等其他形式无法替代的。地方年鉴图照按类别可分为地图、统计图、照片和线条图等。年鉴所配图照应与相关文字同步 ,实事求是 ,版面清洁 ,标准统一 ,并注明完整的图照信息。配图比例以图文并重为最佳。     

Bayesian Areal Wombling for Geographical Boundary Analysis

In the analysis of spatially referenced data, interest often focuses not on prediction of the spatially indexed variable itself, but on boundary analysis , that is, the determination of boundaries on the map that separate areas of higher and lower values. Existing boundary analysis methods are sometimes generically referred to as wombling , after a foundational article by Womble (1951). When data are available at point level (e.g., exact latitude and longitude of disease cases), such boundaries are most naturally obtained by locating the points of steepest ascent or descent on the fitted spatial surface (Banerjee, Gelfand, and Sirmans 2003). In this article, we propose related methods for areal data (i.e., data which consist only of sums or averages over geopolitical regions). Such methods are valuable in determining boundaries for data sets that, perhaps due to confidentiality concerns, are available only in ecological (aggregated) format, or are only collected this way (e.g., delivery of health-care or cost information). After a brief review of existing algorithmic techniques (including that implemented in the commercial software BoundarySeer), we propose a fully model-based framework for areal wombling, using Bayesian hierarchical models with posterior summaries computed using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. We explore the suitability of various existing hierarchical and spatial software packages (notably S-plus and WinBUGS) to the task, and show the approach's superiority over existing nonstochastic alternatives, both in terms of utility and average mean square error behavior. We also illustrate our methods (as well as the solution of advanced modeling issues such as simultaneous inference) using colorectal cancer late detection data collected at the county level in the state of Minnesota.