略谈宋代官窑瓷器研究中存在的问题

宋代官窑是中国古陶瓷研究中的重要内容之一。长期以来,由于对相关历史文献的理解不同以及考古发掘的局限性,致使在宋代官窑瓷器研究中存在许多悬而未决的问题,诸如何为北宋官窑,北宋朝廷是否在都城汴京设置过官窑,北宋官窑是否就是汝窑,河南汝州张公巷窑是否是北宋官窑,南宋修内司官窑的称谓是否准确,南宋官窑是否只有郊坛下官窑一处,何为文献上所说的内窑,老虎洞窑是修内司官窑还是文献上所说的续窑,等等。本文在对专家学者们对上述问题的看法进行疏理的基础上,指出对宋代官窑瓷器的研究离不开传世宋代官窑瓷器、现代科学技术手段和考古发掘资料,只有将这三者结合起来开展综合研究,才能最终解决上述问题。     

Renewable Electricity in the EU: Are We Meeting the Targets?

This paper analyses differences in the degree to which European Union countries have achieved the renewable electricity (RES-E) targets set by the European Commission for each Member State for 2010. After defining an RES-E target achievement (TA) indicator, both conventional and novel techniques are used to examine the main features of its distribution, including the degree of inequality, external shape and intra-distribution dynamics, for the 1996–2006 time period. The analysis demonstrates that disparities in TA have been strongly reduced and that intra-distribution mobility was very high.     

党校图书馆的特殊性及发展思路

本文阐述了党校图书馆工作的特殊性,分析了制约党校图书馆发展的主要因素,并提出了相应的对策措施。     

日本的首长制社会与国家的产生

本文概述日本国内有关古代国家形成的各种学说并阐述了作者自己的观点。他认为,把统治组织及其统治对象的人民作为国家的基本标志,是必要的。但是,还需要重视反映在首长制社会中的、在日本前近代社会底层流动的本质,采用分层社会的多线进化理论,更适合日本列岛的实际情况。有关国家形成理论的研究,一方面需要从微观与宏观的不同角度来观察日本列岛各地丰富多彩的历史发展过程;另一方面,无论是从当代课题的关系上,还是为了寻求历史模式,都需要在东亚或是亚洲的范围内考察日本的历史。     

CHINESE AND TIBETAN HISTORICAL RECORDS IN LUMBINI

<正>In the early 1990s,as the senior visiting scholar commissioned by the Education Working Committee(now the Ministry of Education)of the People's Republic of China,I was invited by the Asian Research Center of Tribhuvan University in Nepal to work in Nepal for one year. During my stay I had a rare opportunity,while participating in a Buddhist conference,to     

汉魏以来之泥冥钱

陆锡兴《汉魏以来之泥冥钱》一文论述了汉魏南北朝到唐宋的泥冥钱问题。泥冥钱在战国、西汉曾经盛极一时,考古发现的实物有相当数量,因为其年代久远,形制繁多,早就引起注意,不乏专门论述。东汉以还的泥冥钱,发现得少,制作简陋,并没有得到重视,至今尚属空白。其实这个阶段是冥钱史上的一个重要的转折期,经历泥质向纸质转变的环节。因为泥冥钱出于考古发现,纸钱多见于传世文献,其习俗一直延续至今,所以这两个材料来源不同的冥钱却被分割为考古学和民俗学的不同研究对象。本文通过对这段考古资料的梳理,不仅指出了泥钱的消亡期和纸钱的发生期,而且探讨了兴衰的原因。作者在冥钱史的探索方面已经发表了一系列文章,包括本文在内,基本上完成了各个时代、各个环节的研究工作,为撰写《中国古代冥钱史》准备了较为完善的基础。     

西安鼓楼油饰彩画主要病害分析

为了对油饰彩画进行科学保护,对具有代表性的西安鼓楼油饰彩画病害进行了调查分析．发现存在的主要病害有失光、褪变色、粉化、龟裂、起甲、脱落、烟熏、降尘等。结合实验室模拟实验对病害成因进行了初步探讨,认为导致病变的内因是木基层含水率及地仗制作工艺;外界环境因素为紫外线、温湿度、大气降尘、油烟熏及降雨等。分析结果可为彩画保护提供科学依据。     

PS表面防风化工艺研究

为研究大型露天遗址的防风化问题,经总结二十多年来PS大规模应用于土遗址保护的经验,逐步形成了一套行之有效的表面防风化工艺。该工艺包括表面喷洒渗透和常压滴渗,两者可单独使用也可联合使用。表面喷洒渗透采用直接向墙体喷洒PS溶液的方式加固,适用于风化层较薄、自身强度较高的墙体;常压滴渗需要在墙面上开孔,将PS溶液通过细胶管或小号针头缓慢滴入土体,以起到更好的加固效果,主要适用于风化层较厚、强度较低的墙体。PS加固以后土遗址颜色稍有变化,采用作旧的方式保持土遗址原来的观感。大量工程实例和后期检测都证明该工艺具有良好的加固效果,可以推广应用。     

An Exceptional Response? Security,Development and Civil Society in Spanish Policy after 11‐M

This article considers the ways in which Spanish state institutions responded to the Madrid bombings of 11 March 2004 in the context of the global ‘War on Terror’. It examines three inter‐related arenas of Spanish policy after 9/11 in which security and civil society are invoked in ways that impact upon the country's development agenda toward its southern Mediterranean partners. The first relates to Spain's external relations with its North African neighbours, and in particular the place of migration in shaping these relations over the last decade. The second concerns Spain's political relations with the representative organizations of its own Muslim populations. A third area of analysis pertains to the juridical‐institutional reactions of the state to the 11 March attacks: how have public authorities and civil society been affected and refashioned in the face of jihadist terrorism on the peninsula? The author argues that in each of these domains, the post‐9/11 context generally, and the 11 March attacks in particular, have elicited a securitization of civil society, which has in turn been associated with the country's international relations and domestic politics. Such securitization, however, has only been partially successful, thus vindicating the continuation of ‘politics as usual’ among Spain's state officials and its civil society.