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ABSTRACT Criminals move between jurisdictions in response to differences in the net returns to crime that depend on the opportunity for crime and the effort to prevent crime. An increase in police protection of a jurisdiction diverts crime to other jurisdictions when only public crime prevention such as police protection is available. However, residents also invest in private prevention (private security, burglar alarms, etc.), and the value of these measures depends on the level of local public protection. In a spatial context, an increase in public prevention of a jurisdiction not only alters the incentives of individuals of the jurisdiction, but also of other jurisdictions as well, and such a change in private crime prevention may end up attracting crime to the jurisdiction. An increase in public prevention of a jurisdiction thus may divert or attract crime. This ambiguous effect stands in contrast with the literature and may appear counterintuitive, but is logical under plausible conditions. 相似文献
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Eva Siekierska Richard Labelle Louis Brunet Bill Mccurdy Peter Pulsifer Monika K. Rieger Linda O'Neil 《The Canadian geographer》2003,47(4):480-493
Thanks to advances in technology such as Internet-based mapping and the development of special inks, papers and global positioning systems, map making for vision impaired people can provide a range of products (e.g., tactile, haptic and audio-tactile maps) that can improve their independence, self-confidence and everyday life. The applications of tactile maps include learning spatial concepts and geography; audio-tactile maps combined with access to geospatial information can enhance mobility and independence. In 1998, the Mapping Services Branch (MSB) of the Earth Sciences Sector of Natural Resources Canada initiated a tactile mapping program. Now referred to as the Government on Line—Mapping for the Visually Impaired Project (Natural Resources Canada 2003a), it aims to serve the community with special needs, with emphasis on those who are blind or visually impaired, their teachers and mobility instructors. This technical paper discusses the various types of tactile and audio-tactile maps of Canada developed by the MSB in cooperation with its partners and describe the current research and development activities carried out within the project. It also leads the reader to further information on audio-tactile maps and touch- and sound-based computer interfaces. 相似文献
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Simone Goyard-Fabre Pascal Sévérac François Laplanche Anne-Sophie Menasseyre Jean-Marc Rohrbasser André Charrak Laurence Devillairs Myriam Bienenstock Anne Lagny Paolo Quintili Louis Pérouas Marie-Jeanne Königson-Montain Michel Bourdeau Philippe Cabestan Pierre Colin Gildas Richard Jean-Paul Nambot Franck Fischbach 《Revue de synthèse / Centre international de synthèse》1996,117(3-4):503-547
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Jean-Louis Cherlonneix Pierre Louis Jean-Pierre Cléro Jean Bernhardt Anne Despagne Marie-José Durand Richard Marie-Jeanne Königson-Montain Dominique Bourel Jean-Pierre Osier Jacques Merleau-Ponty Bertrand Saint-Sernin Perrine Simon-Nahum Guy Lafrance 《Revue de synthèse / Centre international de synthèse》1993,114(2):297-336
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