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Are some American states inherently more innovative than others? This question has confounded researchers for more than four decades. In this study we develop a measure of collective policy innovation that measures formal cooperative policy arrangements among the states, compare the measure to existing measures of internal state policy innovation, and assess whether existing innovativeness measures explain policy cooperation among the states. This test of the innovativeness concept addresses internal and external validity concerns that have long plagued this research tradition. Our multivariate analyses indicate that policy innovativeness is often a statistically and substantively important determinant of compact participation. These results suggest that (i) innovativeness is a meaningful and durable state attribute, (ii) several existing indices successfully capture the underlying latent concept, and (iii) innovativeness provides analytic utility in multiple empirical contexts. 相似文献
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Elsa Garot Christine Couture‐Veschambre David John Manton Jelena Bekvalac Patrick Rouas 《International Journal of Osteoarchaeology》2019,29(5):747-759
Developmental enamel defects (DDE) are often used as indicators of general health in past archaeological populations. DDE include three common types of lesions: hypoplasia, diffuse, and demarcated opacities. Molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) was defined in 2001 as a qualitative enamel defect affecting first permanent molars and often permanent incisors. The European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry established criteria to diagnose MIH in current populations as demarcated white or yellow‐brown opacities of enamel with or without posteruptive breakdown. MIH is prevalent in current populations (average 14.2%) and may cause important damage to first permanent molars. Aetiological factors are uncertain. The discovery of MIH in archaeological skeletal collections based on macroscopic examination has been reported previously, in particular by Ogden and colleagues (2008). If MIH exists in past populations, there are profound implications regarding current aetiological hypotheses. Aims of the present study were to (a) reassess the London postmedieval archaeological collection from which the first cases of MIH were reported and evaluate the reliability of MIH diagnosis criteria in past populations and (b) differentially diagnose developmental defects of enamel and post mortem discoloration in the teeth. Contrary to the reported prevalence in the original study (93.2%), among 47 subadult (>18 years) individuals, a low MIH prevalence was determined (27%). Reliability of MIH diagnosis was tested with three MIH experts who were also physical anthropologists. Our study highlighted that the reliability of a macroscopic diagnosis of MIH in past populations is fair (Cohen's kappa = 0.35 ± 0.11; Fleiss's kappa = 0.3). It could explain the large differential in prevalence values in studies performed in archaeological collections. Pathological and taphonomic agents can produce enamel modifications indistinguishable from one another, even to an “experienced eye.” Here, we examined the literature to highlight potential differential diagnoses of MIH (taphonomic discoloration, amelogenesis imperfecta, fluorosis, rachitic teeth, etc.). Employing nondestructive analyses to characterise and diagnose tooth discoloration in past populations is highly recommended. 相似文献
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Ido Ben‐Ami 《History Compass》2019,17(7)
The questions what an emotion is and how it is generated can be answered in multiple ways. Usually, the answer depends on the disciplinary perspective. As was recently noted by several dominant historians who deal with the history of emotions, although the biological and psychological elements of a certain feeling should not be ignored, within historical research, a focus on social and cultural aspects of emotion generation seems to be more convincing. In this article, I address this issue in the context of Ottoman studies from the perspective of Barbara H. Rosenwein's notion of “emotional communities.” I consider early modern Ottoman elite society of Istanbul to be such a community and demonstrate how several powerful individuals from this large social group relied on a medieval Islamic theory about cosmographic “wonder” and encouraged its members to embrace this emotion into their social and cultural milieus. 相似文献
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Jason Hugh Prior Andrew Gorman‐Murray Erica McIntyre Irena Connon Jon Adams Ben Madden 《Geographical Research》2019,57(1):52-66
While the links between contaminated sites and adverse effects on human health and well‐being are being increasingly recognised, some argue that the magnitude of the health problem is inadequately addressed because it is largely invisible. Health geographies literature has sought to highlight this invisibility by focusing on the link between contaminated sites and health. This study adds to health geographies by presenting unique insights into the geography of residents' worry about the disruptive effect of environmental contamination on health and well‐being. It analyses a sample of residents (n = 485) living near 13 contaminated sites across Australia. Ordinal logistic regression analysis of closed‐format survey questions was combined with coding of open‐ended survey questions to reveal the geography of residents' worry about contamination from nearby sites. First, the study explores some of the main relationships between residents, their environs, and contaminants from nearby source sites, which determines their levels of worry: residents' demographics, residents' proximity to sites, contaminant boundaries and borders, and type of contaminant. Second, the study investigates how worry affects residents' health and well‐being, ranging from effects on their personal functioning through to their sense of ontological security, which depends in part upon their perceptions of contaminants' impacts. Despite having identified a range of diverse and negative effects of worry about contamination on residents, we found that worry for contamination can also prompt coping strategies and problem‐solving, reinforcing the need for more research on this subject. 相似文献
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J. Lluis i Ginovart M. Lpez‐Piquer S. Coll‐Pla A. Costa‐Jover J. Urbano‐Lorente 《Archaeometry》2019,61(1):226-241
This study examines an ensemble of Romanesque churches in the region of Val d’Aran in the Spanish Pyrenees, built between the 11th and 13th centuries. Seven topographical studies performed between 2014 and 2015 examined these churches systematically using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) as a data‐acquisition technique. The data obtained allowed for a geometrically accurate analysis of the orientation of these churches based on four Romanesque liturgies: Gemma animae (c.1120), by Honorius of Autun; Rationale divinorum officiorum (c.1150), by Jean Beleth; Mitralis de Officio (1190), by Sicard, Bishop of Cremona; and Prochiron, vulgo rationale divinorum officiorum (1291), by Guillaume Durand. 相似文献
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M. Snchez De la Torre L. M. García‐Simn F.‐X. Le Bourdonnec R. Domingo 《Archaeometry》2019,61(6):1233-1245
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This paper presents new compositional analysis of 26 fragments of the much‐debated cylindrical and ovoid jars, a vessel type first defined at Khirbet Qumran and associated with the Dead Sea Scrolls. The new samples include 15 examples from Tel ?evron, a site which yielded a pottery workshop and that carries certain similarities with Khirbet Qumran during the Early Roman period, as well as several examples from Jericho and Masada. According to the new as well as previous analyses, many of these jars were produced in the ?evron area; another source may be located in the northern Dead Sea area. The actual function of these jars, and whether they ever contained scrolls, is still unclear. 相似文献