清代前期满族传统教育述论

大清定鼎中原前夕和之后一个半世纪,在满汉文化思想接触、碰撞、相互融合的历史过程中,清帝出自居安思危、巩固皇权和延缓政权衰落周期的目的,在皇族宗室子孙、八旗子弟及中枢臣僚中开展民族传统教育,强调“力戒汉俗”、“不忘满洲骑射旧俗”,并将其视为“祖宗家法”和与国家民族命运攸关的基本教育之法。自太宗至仁宗嬗递六代,其间因各朝政治形势和教育针对性的变化,发生诸多修正,由此反映出社会进步的历程。     

Book reviews

CHINA

BOB HODGE and KAM LOUIE. The Politics of Chinese Language and Culture: the Art of Reading Dragons. London: Routledge, 1998. A$150.00, hardcover; A$52.95, paper.

JAPAN, KOREA

LEWIS R. LANCASTER and RICHARD K. PAYNE (eds). Religion and Society in Contemporary Korea. Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 1997. 282 pp. Preface, index. $US20.00, paper.

DOH C. SHIN. Mass Politics and Culture in Democratizing Korea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. A$90.00, hardcover; A$34.95, paper.

GEIR HELGESEN. Democracy and Authority in Korea: the Cultural Dimension in Korean Politics. Richmond: Curzon Press, 1998. £40.00, hardcover.

SOUTH, WEST & CENTRAL ASIA

J. E. LLEWELLYN. The Legacy of Women's Uplift in India. Contemporary Women Leaders in the Arya Samaj. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1998. 224 pp. Rs325, hardcover.

SOUTHEAST ASIA

R. E. ELSON. The End of the Peasantry in Southeast Asia: a Social and Economic History of Peasant Livelihood, 1800‐1990s. Basingstoke and London: Macmillan Press, 1997. xxvii, 335 pp. Tables, abbreviations, glossary, index. A$49.95, paper.

GENERAL ASIA

JAMES W. MORLEY (ed). Driven by Growth: political Change in the Asia-Pacific Region. Revised Edition. Armonk, New York; London, England: M. E. Sharpe, 1999. 393 pp. Preface, tables, figures, bibliography, index. US$24.95, paper.     

"善良"与"人性"的质疑--大冈升平的《俘虏记》主题批判

《俘虏记》是日本战后文学中具有广泛影响的反映日本侵略战争的作品之一。小说中,作家以主人公“我”没有向美国士兵开枪为主要情节,说明作为侵略士兵的“我”是“善良的”和“有人性的”。这显然是在为日本士兵的侵略罪行辩解。通读作品,我们会发现,主人公“我”之所以没有开枪,是因为想不被追击的美军发现,保全自己的生命。显然,作家在这里偷换了概念,其用心是为了掩盖日本侵略军的野蛮行径。因此,对这篇小说的错误战争认知理念。我们应当以批判的态度来分析。     

中国的芥川龙之介翻译史

在伟大的“五四”运动影响下,以鲁迅为代表的一大批爱国志士,为拯救中华,振兴国势,借助名家芥川龙之介的笔端,在日本文学翻译阵地上,发出了反抗者的呼声。改革开放后,芥川作品以其精湛的艺术特色又深得国人之心。纵观芥川在华的八十年,其两次被认同的高峰恰值中国历史与文化之转变时刻,前者激同胞猛醒,后者堪可提高国人的审美层次。     

从战后小岛祐马的思想看日本的现代新儒学

明治维新之后在日本也存在“日本的现代新儒学”。如果想要弄清日本现代新儒学的发展状况或思想特征,必须在这一时代找出几位有影响的儒者,并从对他们的思想进行具体分析入手。战后的小岛祐马完全是个“现代新儒家”的形象。他在中西文化观上的中体西用态度;在对待马克思主义、共产主义的排斥与否定立场的选择;在构筑未来社会时的道德理想主义追求等思想与中国现代新儒家有许多相通之处。     

北宋海外贸易陶瓷之考察

北宋是海外陶瓷贸易相对平缓的一段时期,但贸易活动并未中断。北宋早中期,贸易陶瓷在五代宋初基础上渐进发展,越窑青釉瓷和景德镇窑青白釉瓷构成了稳定组合。北宋中期晚段是贸易陶瓷的转变期,闽广地区以外销为主的窑场迅速兴起并占据了海外市场的主体。其中广州、潮州、泉州窑场主要面向东南亚及西印度洋地区,福州窑场主要面向日本。北宋末期,闽南、广西窑场青白釉瓷繁盛,龙泉窑青釉瓷崛起,潮州、漳州产品亦见于日本。此时,东西方贸易陶瓷品类组合都趋于复杂化。     

A Comparative Study of the Early High‐Fired Ceramic Shards from Dongtiaoxi,Zhejiang (China)

There is a generally accepted view that there is an obvious distinction between proto‐porcelain and stamped stoneware. However, some early shards unearthed from the Dongtiaoxi region (northern Zhejiang) inspire people to rediscuss the relationship between them, because it is difficult to identify them as proto‐porcelain or stamped stoneware. In this work, we have collected samples from three of the earliest kiln sites (Piaoshan, Beijiashan and Nanshan) in the Dongtiaoxi region. We have analysed the chemical composition, firing temperature and phase composition of the samples. Comparing samples from the three kiln sites, we find that, from Piaoshan and Beijiashan to Nanshan, there has been progression in the manufacturing technology. The Shang proto‐porcelain and the stamped stoneware from Nanshan have similar raw materials, firing temperatures and body phase compositions—and they have obviously different decorative appearances, such as glazing or stamping. For ceramics from Piaoshan and Beijiashan, there is no clear distinction between glazed and unglazed samples. We believe that in the Dongtiaoxi region, the difference in the decoration between proto‐porcelain and stoneware became obvious up to the time of the Nanshan production but that, subsequently, two different paths for the development of high‐fired ceramics began to diverge.     

Did China Import Metals from Africa in the Bronze Age?

The origins of the copper, tin and lead for China's rich Bronze Age cultures are a major topic in archaeological research, with significant contributions being made by archaeological fieldwork, archaeometallurgical investigations and geochemical considerations. Here, we investigate a recent claim that the greater part of the Shang‐period metalwork was made using metals from Africa, imported together with the necessary know‐how to produce tin bronze. A brief review of the current status of lead isotopic study on Shang‐period bronze artefacts is provided first, clarifying a few key issues involved in this discussion. It is then shown that there is no archaeological or isotopic basis for bulk metal transfer between Africa and China during the Shang period, and that the copper and lead in Shang bronze with a strongly radiogenic signature is not likely to be from Africa. We call for collaborative interdisciplinary research to address the vexing question of the Shang period's metal sources, focusing on smelting sites in geologically defined potential source regions and casting workshops identified at a number of Shang settlements.     

Study on the Material and Manufacturing Technology of Different Types of Longquan Ware Imitations from Dapu Kiln of Guangdong Province in the Ming Dynasty of China (ad 1368–1644)

Research on ancient Longquan wares and their imitations has attracted considerable attention. Using a series of experimental methods, including micro X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy (μ‐XRF), X‐ray diffractometry (XRD), optical microscopy (OM), polarizing microscopy (PLM), dilatometry (DIL) and spectrophotometery, different samples of Longquan imitations from Dapu in Guangdong Province were collected and analysed. The study of different types of celadon from the Dapu kiln factories shows that the pale yellow body had a higher TFe₂O₃ content, and the body material must therefore have been treated differently or have come from a different source. The SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ contents in the body can be used as auxiliary parameters to identify Longquan wares and its imitations. The study also found that both kinds of glaze recipe—including calcium–alkali glaze and alkali–calcium glaze—existed in the Dapu products, which suggested that while imitating Longquan ware, the potters in Dapu also showed innovation in the recipe for the glaze material. Moreover, there were some differences in the TFe₂O₃ content, as well as the size, number and distribution of bubbles in the different types of glaze. Finally, the study revealed that the material of both the saggars and separators were composed of another porcelain clay, different from that of the celadon body. In addition, the white and compact body of the celadon had a higher firing temperature, of 1140–1187 °C, compared with other types of wares, which had a lower firing temperature of 1050–1080 °C.     

Injection‐induced seismicity in Carbon and Emery Counties,central Utah

Utah is one of the top producers of oil and natural gas in the United States. Over the past 18 years, more than 4.2 billion gallons of wastewater from the petroleum industry has been injected into the Navajo Sandstone, Kayenta Formation, and Wingate Sandstone in Carbon and Emery Counties, central Utah, where seismicity has increased during the same period. Previous studies have attributed this seismicity to coal mining. Here, we present evidence for wastewater injection being a major cause of the increased seismicity. We show that, in the coal mining area, seismicity rate increased significantly 1–5 years following the wastewater injection, and the earthquakes, mostly with magnitudes <3.0, are concentrated in areas seismically active prior to the injection. Using simple analytical and numerical models, we show that the injection in central Utah can sufficiently raise pore pressure to trigger seismicity within 10–20 km of the injection wells, and the time needed for the diffusion of pore pressure may explain the observed lag of seismicity increase behind the commencement of injection. The b‐value of these earthquakes increased following the wastewater injection, which is consistent with these events being injection‐induced. We conclude that the marked increase in seismicity rate in central Utah is induced by both mining activity and wastewater injection, which raised pore pressure along preexisting faults.