美国国会拨款法案中的涉华条款

20世纪80年代以来,美国国会通过涉华立法对美国对华政策施加了重影响。其中,美国国会在年度拨款案中附加了相当数量的涉华法,其涉及对华安全防范和出口管制、涉台和涉藏事务、人权等领域。这些涉华条款对中国核心利益和中关关系产生了不忽视的消极影响。     

谈语文教学中的有效课堂

文章分析了“有效教学”的主要特征,并指出,为促进学生达到预期的学习结果,教师必须弄清四个问题：教学目的是什么,无效课堂症结何在,教什么与学什么,怎么教是有效教学。     

The long-ranging macroalga Grypania spiralis from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation,Guizhou, South China

Wang, Y., Wang, Y. & Du, W., February 2016. The long-ranging macroalga Grypania spiralis from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation, Guizhou, South China. Alcheringa 40, xxx–xxx. ISSN 0311-5518

Grypania spiralis (Walcott) Walter et al., a macroalga previously reported in pre-Ediacaran successions, has been collected, together with abundant macrofossils (i.e., the Wenghui biota), from black shales of the upper Doushantuo Formation (ca 593 to 551 Ma) in northeastern Guizhou, South China. Morphologically, G. spiralis represents a carbonaceous ribbon with a continuum of forms from coiled to nearly straight. Its helicoid main body might have been suspended in the water column for photosynthesis with one end anchored or nestled into soft sediments. Grypania possessed morphological stability, and its habit endowed great competitiveness for sunlight. Remarkably, it did not change significantly in size or morphology over more than 1200 Myrs.

Ye Wang [gboywangye@126.com], School of Earth Sciences and Resources, PR China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, PR China; Yue Wang [gzyuewang@126.com] (corresponding author), School of Resources and Environments, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550003, PR China; Wei Du [duwei@ea.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp], Department of Earth Science and Astronomy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.     

Warm-Core and Coreless Winters

The author analyzes the literature and recent findings on so-called warm-core winters, in which one of the winter months is warmer than adjacent months. The observed structural characteristics in the annual march of temperature in polar regions are believed to be significant for long-range forecasts.     

Selection of an Optimal Form of Surface Transportation in the Northeast of the USSR

The author presents a methodology for determining the economical use areas of trucking narrow- and broad-gauge railroad transport in remote areas of the USSR where construction and operating costs are far above the national average. He presents a graph of economical areas of application of the various forms of transport, based on expected traffic volumes and average lengths of haul. Specific cases of poor transport planning are analyzed.     

Medical-Geographic Forecasting in New Development Areas

The author outlines a methodology for drawing up medical-geographic forecasts of the possible effect on public health of environmental changes produced by new area development. Special attention is devoted to the problem of tick-borne encephalitis. From a theoretical point of view, medical geography is regarded as a bridge between nature and man, tending to promote an integrated geography concerned with the system: nature—man—population—production.     

Basic Problems of Industrial Location in the CEMA Countries of Eastern Europe

Four aspects of industrial location are discussed: reconstruction and expansion of old industrial districts; development of new industrial areas and centers based on newly discovered raw-material and energy resources; industrialization of predominantly agricultural regions to absorb idle manpower, and the location of industry in frontier zones, which is regarded as a new type of industrial location in the socialist system.     

The Significance and Role of Sectoral-Production Complexes in the Formation and Evolution of Economic Regions

Soviet economic regionalization has traditionally focused on the concept of the areal-production complex (or territorial-production complex), representing the aggregate of economic activities within a particular area. These complexes may range in scale from a local group of interrelated activities all the way to the national economic complex of the USSR. A Soviet economic geographer specializing in the Northern Caucasus now introduces the concept of the “sectoral-production complex” as a subdivision of the areal complex. The sectoral complex contains one or more sectors of production that are linked by a common resource base and common economic relations; for example, the agricultural complex, comprising farming and agricultural processing, rests on agricultural resources; the metallurgy and machine-building complex, combining metallurgy and metal fabrication, rests on a common ore-resource base. According to the author, the concept of a sectoral-production complex must be differentiated from N. N. Kolosovskiy's concept of “energy-and-production cycles” [see Journal of Regional Science, 3 (1961), pp. 1–25] on the ground that Kolosovskiy's cycles are based on a common basic technology, while the sectoral complex involves common resources and economic relations.