The Kursk Magnetic Anomaly and its Development

The iron-ore deposits of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly include both tremendous reserves of quartzite at great depths and smaller reserves of high-grade ores accessible both to surface and underground mines. Exploitation of the KMA has been underway only since 1952, when the first experimental quartzite mine opened. Large-scale production of commercial ore began only in 1959. The KMA area is pictured as one of the principal Soviet iron and steel producers of the future.     

Specialization of Agriculture in Relatively Similar Natural Environments of the USSR and the United States

Four pairs of minor civil divisions in the United States and the USSR are compared to determine differences of agricultural land use in areas with similar soils and heat and moisture supplies. In the United States, crops exceed animal products as a source of farm income only in the driest area. In the Soviet Union, crops are the principal source of farm income in both dry and more humid areas. This is related to the fact that the United States produces forage grasses and forage root crops mainly in more humid areas, while the Soviet Union relegates forage crops to a secondary role after bread grains and industrial row crops. Grain yields in the United States rise markedly from drier to more humid areas. In the Soviet Union the highest yields are achieved in the moderately dry chernozem zone.     

Some Aspects of the Influence of Scientific and Technical Progress on the Formation of Economic Regions (with particular reference to the United States)

The concentration of research and development in the San Francisco Bay area is found to have attracted related aerospace and electronics industries, thus giving rise to a new type of economic region focused on research activities. The atomic and aerospace industry of New Mexico arose because of the need of having manufacturing facilities near testing grounds and missile ranges in desert areas, but is virtually unrelated to the rest of the New Mexico economy. Industries not dominated by any particular locational factor are being attracted to the dry subtropics of the United States, where the provision of water supplies and refrigeration and air-conditioning produces attractive living conditions for a skilled labor force. Advances in computer technology and electrical communications facilitate centralized industrial management and thus affect plant location.     

ON THE CONNECTION BETWEEN LEVEL FLUCTUATIONS IN THE CASPIAN SEA AND THE ARAL SEA

Although both the Caspian and Aral Sea basins are affected by fluctuations in the general moisture conditions affecting the Northern Hemisphere, the two drainage basins react differently to identical moisture changes both over the long term and over the short term. Over the short term, a shift in wet periods has been observed between the European part of the USSR, which contains the Volga basin draining into the Caspian, and western Asia, which contains the Aral Sea drainage basin. Since there is a direct relationship between general moisture conditions and level changes, the short-term level fluctuations would be heterochronous (out of phase) in the two seas. Over the long term, the comparison is complicated by the fact that Caspian drainage derives mainly from snow meltwater in the Russian plain while Aral Sea drainage derives from a combination of snow and glacier meltwater. Glacier runoff tends to increase in dry, warm periods and to decrease in wet, cold periods of glacier growth, while snow is related directly to general moisture conditions.     

PERESTROYKA AND THE ECONOMIC REGION IN STATE MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING

The concept of region-based planning and management bodies, which flourished for a time during Khrushchev's sovnarkhozy reforms, is resurrected, this time under the guise of promoting decentralization and enhancing territorial versus sectoral planning under perestroyka. More precisely, the authors argue for devolution of meaningful planning and management functions to a network of smaller and more numerous economic regions, with “regional economic councils” serving as bodies for planning and coordinating the activities of smaller spatial units within these regions. A scheme describing how such a network might function within the current Soviet bureaucratic structure and economic environment is presented (translated by Jay K. Mitchell, PlanEcon, Inc., Washington, DC 20005).     

西方分析的历史哲学与中国近代史学理论的构建

20世纪初,中国近代学人从译述日本的西方哲学史著述开始,初步介绍了分析的历史哲学的代表人物及观点,而后梁启超、李大钊等人又有更进一步的阐释。自20年代中期起,一批史学家、哲学家不满足于二手材料,强调从原著入手加以研究,这推动了西方哲学在国内传播高潮的到来。由此可见,西方分析的历史哲学俨然成为西学东渐中不可或缺的一道风景。因它与实证主义史学理论等存在差异甚至是对立,故其传播对当时占主导地位的进化史观、史学性质科学说等关键命题都有相当多的回应,这引发了时人的深入反思,推动了中国近代史学理论的深化。     

The Geomorphology of the Turgay Trough in Connection with the Problem of Diverting the Water of West Siberian Rivers to Central Asia

A geomorphic field survey conducted in the late 1960's by the Institute of Geography (Moscow) suggests the existence of only one geomorphic level (Level III) that can be traced all the way through the Turgay trough from the Irtysh River drainage basin to the Aral Sea depression. However, contrary to general assumption, geomorphic analysis does not confirm the view that the Turgay trough served for a throughflow of water between the two drainage basins during the Pleistocene. An analysis of the geomorphic levels in the trough suggests that water in the northern segment of the trough drained toward the north and in the southern segment toward the south, with a middle segment occupied by a system of lakes, still evident to this day. However, the absence of a throughflow in the past does not rule out the use of the trough for the proposed southward diversion of Siberian water. It is suggested that the level of water on the Siberian slope be raised to the elevation of the divide (about 125 meters above sea level) so that the water could then follow the natural slope of the Level III surface toward the south.     

两汉荒政特点探析

两汉时期是中国历史上的第一个自然灾害多发期。接踵而至的灾害,给有汉两朝政府和百姓带来了无尽的灾难,加之灾害“天谴”阴覆的警做作用,两汉统治为之而实施了一定的荒政措施。两汉荒政具有制度化和法律化、荒政实施程序化、荒政经学印迹突出,以及荒政措施掣肘于财政经济状况、吏治状况是荒政措施发生作用的保障等特点。     

Constitution‐writing,nationalism and the Turkish experience

Until recently there has been relatively little attention paid to the question of how the relationship between the state, its citizens and the nation is articulated in constitutional texts. This paper seeks to address this gap through an examination of how the rules of belonging to the nation are discussed by the political elite and how these discussions find their final formulation in the constitutional texts. The analysis focuses on the Turkish case at two constitution‐writing moments (1924 and 1961). While such moments have conventionally been assumed to be ‘revolutionary’, the data on Turkey highlights continuities rather than radical changes over time. More particularly, it underscores the resilience and salience of the principle of nationalism over time.