城市地理学的“流空间”视角及其中国化研究

"流空间"的概念对于国内外城市地理学研究影响深远。本文首先通过对流空间概念的系统梳理,探讨了流空间与场所空间的相互关系,并在城市地理学框架下诠释了流空间的基本内涵。其次,通过对国内外城市地理学流空间研究的综述,探讨了流空间概念中国化的必要性。最后,在系统分析中西方流空间运行环境差异性的基础上,提出了流空间概念中国化的基本途径。研究表明:(1)直接作用于某一特定城市与区域的是流空间与场所空间相互作用形成的所谓"场所化了的流空间"形态。(2)考虑到中国的经济基础、社会制度以及转型期复杂的经济社会文化背景,中国的流空间运行规律更加复杂。因此,分析尺度不宜过大,聚焦于城市功能区尺度是比较合适的;(3)物流业、大型国企、大型民营财团与民企对中国化的流空间分析意义重大。物流产业的相关数据可以用作表征流空间背景下中国城市与区域联系基本格局的重要参量。     

The Kursk Magnetic Anomaly and its Development

The iron-ore deposits of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly include both tremendous reserves of quartzite at great depths and smaller reserves of high-grade ores accessible both to surface and underground mines. Exploitation of the KMA has been underway only since 1952, when the first experimental quartzite mine opened. Large-scale production of commercial ore began only in 1959. The KMA area is pictured as one of the principal Soviet iron and steel producers of the future.     

ON THE CONNECTION BETWEEN LEVEL FLUCTUATIONS IN THE CASPIAN SEA AND THE ARAL SEA

Although both the Caspian and Aral Sea basins are affected by fluctuations in the general moisture conditions affecting the Northern Hemisphere, the two drainage basins react differently to identical moisture changes both over the long term and over the short term. Over the short term, a shift in wet periods has been observed between the European part of the USSR, which contains the Volga basin draining into the Caspian, and western Asia, which contains the Aral Sea drainage basin. Since there is a direct relationship between general moisture conditions and level changes, the short-term level fluctuations would be heterochronous (out of phase) in the two seas. Over the long term, the comparison is complicated by the fact that Caspian drainage derives mainly from snow meltwater in the Russian plain while Aral Sea drainage derives from a combination of snow and glacier meltwater. Glacier runoff tends to increase in dry, warm periods and to decrease in wet, cold periods of glacier growth, while snow is related directly to general moisture conditions.     

Some Aspects of the Influence of Scientific and Technical Progress on the Formation of Economic Regions (with particular reference to the United States)

The concentration of research and development in the San Francisco Bay area is found to have attracted related aerospace and electronics industries, thus giving rise to a new type of economic region focused on research activities. The atomic and aerospace industry of New Mexico arose because of the need of having manufacturing facilities near testing grounds and missile ranges in desert areas, but is virtually unrelated to the rest of the New Mexico economy. Industries not dominated by any particular locational factor are being attracted to the dry subtropics of the United States, where the provision of water supplies and refrigeration and air-conditioning produces attractive living conditions for a skilled labor force. Advances in computer technology and electrical communications facilitate centralized industrial management and thus affect plant location.     

Specialization of Agriculture in Relatively Similar Natural Environments of the USSR and the United States

Four pairs of minor civil divisions in the United States and the USSR are compared to determine differences of agricultural land use in areas with similar soils and heat and moisture supplies. In the United States, crops exceed animal products as a source of farm income only in the driest area. In the Soviet Union, crops are the principal source of farm income in both dry and more humid areas. This is related to the fact that the United States produces forage grasses and forage root crops mainly in more humid areas, while the Soviet Union relegates forage crops to a secondary role after bread grains and industrial row crops. Grain yields in the United States rise markedly from drier to more humid areas. In the Soviet Union the highest yields are achieved in the moderately dry chernozem zone.     

The Geomorphology of the Turgay Trough in Connection with the Problem of Diverting the Water of West Siberian Rivers to Central Asia

A geomorphic field survey conducted in the late 1960's by the Institute of Geography (Moscow) suggests the existence of only one geomorphic level (Level III) that can be traced all the way through the Turgay trough from the Irtysh River drainage basin to the Aral Sea depression. However, contrary to general assumption, geomorphic analysis does not confirm the view that the Turgay trough served for a throughflow of water between the two drainage basins during the Pleistocene. An analysis of the geomorphic levels in the trough suggests that water in the northern segment of the trough drained toward the north and in the southern segment toward the south, with a middle segment occupied by a system of lakes, still evident to this day. However, the absence of a throughflow in the past does not rule out the use of the trough for the proposed southward diversion of Siberian water. It is suggested that the level of water on the Siberian slope be raised to the elevation of the divide (about 125 meters above sea level) so that the water could then follow the natural slope of the Level III surface toward the south.     

PERESTROYKA AND THE ECONOMIC REGION IN STATE MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING

The concept of region-based planning and management bodies, which flourished for a time during Khrushchev's sovnarkhozy reforms, is resurrected, this time under the guise of promoting decentralization and enhancing territorial versus sectoral planning under perestroyka. More precisely, the authors argue for devolution of meaningful planning and management functions to a network of smaller and more numerous economic regions, with “regional economic councils” serving as bodies for planning and coordinating the activities of smaller spatial units within these regions. A scheme describing how such a network might function within the current Soviet bureaucratic structure and economic environment is presented (translated by Jay K. Mitchell, PlanEcon, Inc., Washington, DC 20005).     

弦轮旋密运 针表恰相交 清代宫廷钟表展

沈阳故宫是东北地区最著名的古代建筑群,也是中国现存的两座帝王宫殿之一。沈阳故宫博物院自1926年11月16日成立＂东三省博物馆筹备处＂起,至今已有88年的历史。这里除了建有颇具满族特色的皇家宫殿建筑群,还保存着数万件清代宫廷文物和明清时期艺术品文物,其中珍藏的清宫钟表,则是沈阳故宫院藏品中最具宫廷特色文物之一。在乾隆时期,沈阳故宫曾经是除北京故宫以外的最大皇家收藏地。这里庋藏丰富;在宫廷藏品中,制作精美、风格独特的清宫钟表,占有重要地位。这些来自海外的西洋钟不仅造型精美,款式别致,而且做工精细,技术先进,     

清宫遗韵传古今（上）——沈阳故宫藏清代瓷器珐琅玉器精品展（上）

沈阳故宫是我国目前保存最为完整的两大古代宫殿建筑群之一,素以具有多民族风情的宫苑建筑和独具特色的皇宫珍藏蜚声华夏。盛京皇宫自1625年兴建,存在至今已有389年的历史。回顾这段历史,兴亡变幻,人世沧桑,令人顿生无限感慨。皇朝远去,风光不再。但它留下的宏丽宫殿、万千文物,依然辉映着熠熠光华。沈阳故宫原本是一座宝库,经清朝二百多年的充实,积蓄了大量的稀世之珍。