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91.
92.
Universities are commonly seen by policy makers as being key actors in the knowledge‐based economy. In the United States, universities, but particularly research universities, have been the focus of many studies which have sought to document and explain the commercial impact of university‐based research on regional economies. For example, studies have analyzed the extent and outcomes of academic entrepreneurship and of university‐industry collaborations. The focus of this paper is to review this literature with a specific focus on contradictory and inconclusive results. Data for these studies are obtained from a number of sources such as self‐administered surveys, patent office, the National Science Foundation and the Association of University Technology Managers. This paper reviews the literature and highlights the variety of conceptual frameworks, data, and methodology used. It has a specific focus on assessing impact over time as well the difficulty in generalizing the result obtained from one study to another context. In spite of these problems, the evidence from a broad range and increasing volume of literature on trends and characteristics of academic entrepreneurship and university‐industry collaborations shows that universities indisputably play a major role in their regions. 相似文献
93.
West Tump is a Neolithic chambered tomb originally excavated in 1880. The mound was found to contain a mixed skeletal assemblage, the majority of which was disarticulated. Between 2000 and 2001 material from the site including human bone was re‐examined with a portion of this project focused on taphonomic evidence observed on the human skeletal material. Amongst the factors selected for investigation were deliberate toolmarks. Three specimens were identified as exhibiting toolmarks. Analysis demonstrated that the observed features were cutmarks, consistent with the use of flint tools. However those on two of the specimens were found to be both post‐mortem and recent. The cutmarks observed on the remaining specimen, a right clavicle, were identified as having been inflicted during the peri‐mortem period and consistent with decapitation. British Neolithic mortuary practice has been the subject of ongoing debate since the earliest excavations of relevant sites, but until very recently few assemblages from such contexts have been re‐examined and much of the data in use has derived from sources of considerable age and questionable reliability. The selective removal of specific skeletal elements (particularly skulls) has repeatedly been described in the literature regarding the collective funerary monuments of this period. It has often been assumed that such practices took place after the soft tissues had decayed. One of the examples discussed, suggests this may not always have been the case and the potential significance of this finding is discussed in addition to a possible interpretation of the cutmarks seen on the remaining specimens. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
94.
Anthony D. Smith 《Nations & Nationalism》1995,1(1):3-23
Abstract. This article considers the debate that has recently developed in studies of nationalism between those scholars who see the nation as a modern and constantly changing construction ex nihilo and those who see it as an immemorial, unchanging communal essence. It outlines the so-called ‘gastronomical’ and ‘geological’ metaphors of nation formation and suggests a synthetic model which balances the influence of the ethnic past and the impact of nationalist activity. It shows that the central question which has divided theorists of nationalism is the place of the past in the life of modern nations. The author recognises the role of nationalists in national mobilisation but stresses that nationalists are not social engineers or mere image makers as modernist and post-modernist accounts would have it, but rather social and political archaeologists whose activities consist in the rediscovery and reinterpretation of the ethnic past and through it the regeneration of their national community. 相似文献
95.
Niall Smith 《Social & Cultural Geography》2013,14(4):339-359
This paper examines how living with epilepsy involves the complex interaction of knowledge of the unstable body, surrounding space and social relations. Through an engagement with written testimonies, it is argued that the spatial extent of everyday life varies with willingness to take socio-emotional and material risks in terms of when and where losses of bodily control (‘seizures’) might occur. I suggest that spaces and activities once taken-for-granted become potentially ‘unsafe’ and require renegotiation as trust in the limits of the body is disrupted. Findings confirm but also build upon previous work by geographers of chronic illness and impairment by engaging characterisations of the temporalities of fluctuating symptoms and of illness as manifesting either visibly or invisibly. Furthermore, it is argued that how people respond to the complete loss of bodily control differs in key ways to people coping with partially impaired control of the body. The paper concludes by asserting the potential for using written testimony as source data to highlight the voices of people whose spaces may otherwise remain silent. 相似文献
96.
Maria Ostendorf Smith 《International Journal of Osteoarchaeology》2002,12(4):235-247
There are few described cases of metastatic carcinoma from the prehistoric eastern United States and none primarily differentially diagnosed from the southeast. A mature adult female exhibiting several large lytic cranial lesions suggestive of neoplastic disease was identified in a late prehistoric Mississippian Period (AD 1200–1600) context. Burial 371 is from Ledford Island, a Mouse Creek phase (AD 1400–1500) site from the Chickamauga Reservoir of southeastern Tennessee. It is the only case in this reservoir (total adult n = 843). The radiographs of the otherwise asymptomatic postcranium yielded radiolucencies in both proximal femora, both medial clavicles, the sternum, the surviving humeral metaphysis and fragmentary innominate. The locations are all consistent with metastasized carcinoma. The identity of the possible primary lesion is argumentative. Age, sex and the mixed nature of the osseous response are consistent with carcinoma of the breast but not to the exclusion of bronchogenic, thyroid, or kidney cancers. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
97.
Appraised are two palaeodemographic models proposed for Late Quaternary Aboriginal cultural history in Western Australia's South‐west. Both are grounded on two ideas: (1) wetter conditions regionally lead to replacement of open vegetative associations by forest unsuited for foraging populations; (2) large‐scale shifts in stone artefact 'discard rates' recorded in occupation deposits indicate regional population changes. The original model proposes regional Middle Holocene depopulation. The second model, partly based on the same archaeological evidence, is a large‐scale construct calling for variations in population sizes in the South‐west and elsewhere before and after the last glacial maximum, followed by Holocene population rise. In this construct, population fluctuations are caused by changes in Late Quaternary physical conditions outlined in a global climatic model, though this model disagrees with more generally accepted continental palaeoclimatic modelling, and with regional faunistic and vegetative records. Interpretation of artefact discard rates in the stone industrial sequences of three of four principal occupation sites on which both models are based disregards relevant stratigraphic, chronological and other site‐specific factors. Proposed is an alternative regional model of population mobility and fluctuating occupation patterns explaining variations in amounts of archaeological material discarded in occupation sites as well as variations in these sites' distributions. 相似文献
98.
M.A. Smith 《Archaeology in Oceania》1989,24(3):93-105
The full glacial climate was marked by enhanced aridity, suggesting that there would be no human occupation of the interior of the continent at the glacial maximum. However, evidence from Puritjarra Rockshelter shows that the Central Australian Ranges continued to be occupied between 22,000 and 13,000 BP. The repeated use of Puritjarra, together with its location away from any natural corridor for travel into the region, indicates the presence of a resident local population. The archaeological evidence is complemented by a model of human ecology in Central Australia at 18,000 BP, showing that there is no a priori reason for expecting the region to have been totally abandoned during the last glacial maximum. 相似文献
99.
100.