《石遗室诗续集》(卷三至卷八)文献考略

《石遗室诗集》是晚清诗人陈衍(1856-1937)自选的诗歌别集.目前学界一般都认为陈衍有"《石遗室诗集》十卷,补遗一卷,续集二卷",比如2001年陈衍的后人陈步等人编纂《陈石遗集》,其中收入《石遗室诗集》一书,即收入上述共十三卷诗作;又如近年来钱仲联主编《清诗纪事》中,"陈衍"小传也只提到"有《石遗室诗集》十卷,补遗一卷,续集二卷"①.     

Does Diversification Improve Livelihoods? Pastoral Households in Xinjiang,China

Diversification is routinely promoted to improve poor rural peoples’ livelihoods. However, policy recommendations for livelihood diversification based on evidence from crop‐cultivating sedentary rural societies may not work for mobile pastoral communities, where socio‐ecological conditions predetermine livestock herding as the preferred livelihood strategy. Using survey and semi‐structured interview data collected from 159 households in the Altay and Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang, China, this study applies cluster analysis to identify six distinct groups based on livelihood strategies: pastoralists, agropastoralists, crop farmers, wage labourers, hired herders and mixed smallholders. Although pastoralism is the least diverse of these in terms of sources of income, it is significantly more diverse in ecological dimensions such as spatial movement, land use pattern and livestock portfolio. Patterns of livelihood diversification and their relationship with household incomes indicate that pastoralism, although preferred, is unattainable for 55 per cent of households given their meagre asset endowments and the pressure of government policies toward sedentarization. The results strongly suggest that livelihood diversification does not improve welfare for pastoral households. Future development interventions should promote policies that enable households to regain flexible access to pastures and should aim to correct the imbalance of opportunities that exists in northern Xinjiang.