Elemental Characterization by EDXRF of Imperial Longquan Celadon Porcelain Excavated from Fengdongyan Kiln,Dayao County

A mass of Longquan porcelain shards carved with ‘Guan’ or the dragon patterns were unearthed in the early Ming Dynasty layer of the Fengdongyan kiln site at Dayao County. These celadon shards were fired in the Hongwu and Yongle eras of the Ming Dynasty. In order to research the raw materials and firing technology of the imperial porcelain, 85 typical shards were analysed by energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF). The results indicate that the contents of TiO₂ and Fe₂O₃ in the body vary in the Hongwu and Yongle eras. Compared with Longquan glazes in the Southern Song Dynasty, the average values of K₂O, Fe₂O₃ and TiO₂ are higher, but that of CaO is lower in early Ming imperial porcelain glazes. Principal components analysis (PCA) shows that different degrees of elutriation of the same raw materials are the main reason for this difference in the Hongwu and Yongle periods. However, the raw materials of imperial porcelain glazes show no obvious changes and have inherited the earlier tradition. The production and firing technology of imperial porcelain reached a higher level and had not declined in the Early Ming Dynasty.     

Measuring Spatial Autocorrelation of Vectors

This article introduces measures to quantify spatial autocorrelation for vectors. In contrast to scalar variables, spatial autocorrelation for vectors involves an assessment of both direction and magnitude in space. Extending conventional approaches, measures of global and local spatial associations for vectors are proposed, and the associated statistical properties and significance testing are discussed. The new measures are applied to study the spatial association of taxi movements in the city of Shanghai. Complications due to the edge effect are also examined.     

Tobler’s Law in a Multivariate World

Tobler’s first law of geography is widely recognized as reflecting broad empirical realities in geography. Its key concepts of “near” and “related” are intuitive in a univariate setting. However, when moving to the joint consideration of spatial patterns among multiple variables, the combination of attribute similarity and geographical similarity that underlies the concept of spatial autocorrelation is much harder to deal with. This article uses the notion of distance in multiattribute space to explore and visualize the connection between “near” and “related” in a multivariate context. We approach this from a global, local, and regional perspective. We outline a number of ways to combine different visualization techniques and introduce a new local neighbor match test for multivariate local clusters. We illustrate the methods by means of Guerry’s classic data set on moral statistics in 1833 France.     

Behind the Façade of the Rites Controversy: The Intriguing Contrast of Chinese and European Theism

The Chinese rites controversy of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries has been often studied, but hitherto mostly as a quasi-linguistic-and-technical dispute between the followers of Matteo Ricci, the legendary founder of the Jesuit China mission, and his many different enemies in the Catholic Church. In reality the involved debate was much more complex than that at every turn. To show this and more, this article takes a close look again at how and why Chinese terms and customs came to figure in Ricci's proselytising work in China, how they were challenged both inside and outside the Jesuit China mission, how the Chinese reacted and why, and what the debate revealed about the intriguing contrast of Chinese and European theism.     

胡家草场汉简与尹湾汉简数术文献中的“刑德行时”

荆州胡家草场12号汉墓出土竹简《五行日书》按端、令、罚、刑、德五时占测为事、初病、生子诸事项的吉凶。这篇文献与尹湾汉墓出土的《刑德行时》大体属于同一文献的不同版本,两相比照,有助于加深对其文本源流、内涵的理解和认识。     

399年宝贤写卷即东晋昙无兰抄略《千佛名号》考——兼论5世纪前的古法唱导与佛名抄略本的关系

本文首次公布安徽博物院藏399年宝贤写卷的完整录文,并通过对比宝贤写卷与昙无兰《〈千佛名号〉序》中的记载,证明其真实身份很可能就是东晋昙无兰抄略自《贤劫经》的《千佛名号》(或称《贤劫千佛名经》)残卷,而该文献此前久已失佚。文中进一步推测,作为现存最早的抄略类佛名文本,写卷(即《千佛名号》)制作最初可能是基于唱导古法(即5世纪之前的唱导作法)的仪式实践需求——古法唱导中的两个主要仪式程序,可能分别催生了佛名和因缘譬喻故事两类抄略本,二者在古法唱导仪式中可能存在伴生关系。同时,这件写卷不仅为研究古法唱导提供了首件实物例证,也有助于理解5世纪前中国佛教八关斋日的仪式活动实践。     

学校市:民国时期一种“学生自治”的实践及得失

19世纪末20世纪初,美国人威尔逊·基尔发明学校市制度,并在美国多地公立学校推行。1919年前后,学校市制度被引入中国,并借助1922年新学制的颁行及公民教育的倡导,于二三十年代在全国多省市中小学校推行。其间,社会各界合力塑造出学校市非常必要而且有效的知识氛围,助力该制度的推广。然而,制度实践对制度设计的偏离,以及此种学校内“政治拟构”与“学校社会化”本旨的差异,也让学校市的组织架构及精神内涵不断发生异变,终在1930年代中期以后淡出学校场域。     

20世纪二三十年代知识界对贞操的现代诠释

贞操问题自五四以来成为热议话题,新文化人在批判传统贞操观的同时又为其赋予新的内涵。绝大多数新文化人在认同男女共守贞操的基础上,提倡夫妇互守贞操;继而又有人将贞操从婚姻领域扩展到恋爱领域,将爱情作为衡量贞操的唯一标准,强调贞操的“灵肉一致”和“灵先于肉”。这些观念成为知识界的“一般思想”。在这一诠释过程中,人们使用了多种现代知识和现代话语,反映出此时中国知识结构及其话语体系从传统向现代的转型。     

模糊不清的“共和主义”:费城工匠的诉求与美国早期资本主义的发展

美国建国初期,随着政治文化的变动与地方市场的发展,费城工匠的生活面临诸多困境。对此,他们借助“共和主义”的话语追求“公共利益、自由、平等与独立”,以表达抗议与不满。与此同时,工匠的共和话语蕴含着复杂多元的价值取向。这反映了美国早期资本主义发展进程中极其复杂的多重矛盾冲突。这些矛盾,不仅存在于工匠与倾向于“精英统治”的政治精英之间,也存在于工匠内部。当工匠将这些复杂的价值取向转化为行动后,对美国早期资本主义发展产生了意义深远的影响。一方面,工匠促进公共利益的诉求转化为反对精英拥有特权的行动,推进了美国早期自由资本主义发展;另一方面,在美国早期自由资本主义发展过程中,雇主与雇员之间的矛盾加剧,双方对于“平等”的不同诉求,使美国产生新的社会冲突,形成了新的社会阶级。     

全球化时代美国史的书写——托马斯·本德的跨国史研究

跨国史研究的知名学者托马斯·本德依据个人学术经历的发展逻辑,从理论构建和学术实践层面,探讨了全球化时代如何书写美国历史这一重要课题。在民族构建理论的基础上,本德重构民族国家及其历史,批评“美国例外论”,融合跨国视角与综合性叙事,提出比较、关联和语境化三种跨国史研究方法,撰写了《万国一邦》一书。面对学界的挑战与质疑,本德依然认为跨国史是一种未来可期的研究视角与路径,它丰富了长期主宰美国学界的民族国家史学的内涵。