土司,考古与公众——基于海龙囤的公众考古实践与思考简

人人共享文明成果,是文化遗产保护的最终追求。如何达到这一目的,是公众考古学（publicarchaeology）讨论的范畴。这是国内目前方兴未艾的一个考古学分支,各方都在积极讨论与尝试。2012年度,依托土司城堡海龙囤的发掘,我们开展了一系列公众考古活动,取得了很好的社会效应。本文即以之为例,对公众考古的相关问题进行初步探讨。     

《千字文》里探乾坤——古籍普查里的天地

本文以《易》解《千字文》,把《千字文》分为两部分,揭示了原文作者谋篇布局时法《易经·乾》卦之理,据典索字,以字表经,以使既定千字杂而不乱、缀而成文的良苦用心,对于深入挖掘《千字文》中蕴涵的哲学思想,发扬其作为蒙训国学教材的价值具有重要意义。     

从统计数据看当代加拿大华侨华人的人口特征

论文利用最新加拿大官方权威统计资料,即2011年加拿大全国家庭调查和加拿大统计局相关统计数据为依据,对当代加拿大华侨华人群体的人口特征进行系统梳理,进而剖析了该群体的人口特征演进以及加拿大华侨华人社会的结构变迁。研究发现,加拿大华侨华人群体在社会地位、经济条件、文化适应等方面虽取得长足进步,但其社会融入过程中所遭受的结构性障碍,就其本质而言,与早期加拿大华侨华人的经历并无显著差异,而取决于加拿大本国利益需求的"旋转门式"的移民政策是造成这种情况的深层原因。     

RED CHEEKS IN TIBET REDUCED

Editor＇s Note： According to modern science, sunlight has a series of effects while it irradiates human skin and sequentially makes the human body stronger and healthier. Basking in sunlight is a common lifestyle for people living in western countries and has gradually formed a sunbathing culture amongst people in the west. Nevertheless, the special geographical environment and too much strong ultraviolet radiation in Tibet makes sun-bathers very susceptible to sun-burnt skin if they bask too long under sunlight of Tibet.     

湖州铁佛寺铁观音病害调查与分析

湖州铁佛寺内留存的宋代铁观音目前出现严重的病害,主要表现为粉化、脱落、鼓泡、锈蚀等症状,对其保护已刻不容缓。为此,通过X-荧光(XRF)、金相、红外(FTIR)、拉曼(LRS)、X衍射(XRD)对其进行分析。结果表明,铁观音基体组成为铁素体基灰铸铁,基体表面化学组成大约是:铁96.85%,硅0.47%,铜0.45%,硫0.096%,余量约3%应为碳;表层涂层为醇酸树脂,腻子为石膏,锈蚀物的主要成分主要为α,β和γ型的FeOOH。其病害原因为铁观音基体内部组成、大气环境、有害气体以及表面涂层老化对其腐蚀的影响。研究结果可为以后保护方案的制定提供参考。     

Moving agriculture onto the Tibetan plateau: the archaeobotanical evidence

The Tibetan Plateau has one of the least hospitable environments for agriculture on the planet; however, its inhabitants have developed an economic system based on agriculture and pastoralism suited to it’s geoenvironmental stressors. Little is known about the timing of the spread of agriculture onto the plateau or how agricultural systems were adapted to this environment. In this article, we present palaeoethnobotanical data from two sites, Changdu Karuo (c. 2700–2300 cal B.C.) and Kyung-lung Mesa (A.D. 220–334 and A.D. 694–880). In addition, we synthesize previously reported data (much of which has never been published in peer-reviewed journals). We argue that the earliest agriculture was based on millets (broomcorn and foxtail) and was accompanied by a pig-based economic system. This early economy, which likely originated in western China, was later replaced by a better adapted system, similar to those identified in Central Asia. The later system was based on crops such as wheat, barley, peas, and millets, as well as sheep and goat pastoralism. Wild resources obtained through hunting, fishing, and foraging appear to have been complements to the diet on the Tibetan Plateau.     

滕州前掌大墓地“于屯”村IIIM308出土铜器的科学分析

“于屯”村北墓区为前掌大“史”氏族团“分裂”而来的“鸟”氏支族墓区,其中IIIM308和IIIM309为“鸟”氏支族具有特殊身份的高级贵族夫妻异穴并葬墓。本文对IIIM308出土8件铜礼器进行材质分析及制作工艺考察,8件铜礼器的材质以铅锡青铜为主,皆为浑铸成型,采用了金属垫片、加强筋等工艺措施来保证铸造质量。9件“鸟”字铭文铜器,“鸟”字铭文形状可分为两组,可能系两个不同铸造作坊或前后两批次铸造。     

The development of party rule in the judiciary: personnel changes and political transformation of the Nanjing government’s judicial center, 1927–1937

After the establishment of the Nanjing Nationalist government in 1927, the Guomindang (GMD) gradually founded a national regime and started to implement the principle of “governing the nation by the party.” But the party-rule was not implemented immediately and effectively. In the early years of the Nationalist government, its judicial branch mostly hired former Beiyang judicial officials, who generally pursued the ideals of judicial independence and politics transcending party lines, ideals established in the Beiyang period. In 1932, when Ju Zheng became the president of the Judicial Yuan, founding members of the GMD began to replace the Beiyang officials in the judicial center. This personnel change was completed around 1935. Meanwhile, due to national crisis and the GMD’s concern that the judicial status quo did not meet its political needs, the GMD began to emphasize the political nature of the judiciary and to advocate the party-ization of the judiciary. Consequently, eight years after the founding of the Nanjing Nationalist government, GMD party members began to obtain de facto control of the judicial center, symbolizing the completion of the shift from Beiyang judicial practices to GMD party-rule in the judiciary. Nevertheless, during the following years, the GMD failed to penetrate, dominate, and integrate the middle and lower levels of the judicial system, where the judicial ideals and personnel structures still strongly retained their Beiyang legacy.     

Tree-ring based temperature reconstruction for the west Qinling Mountains (China): linkages to the High Asia,solar activity and Pacific-Atlantic Ocean

We developed a Faxon fir (Abies faxoniana) tree-ring width chronology at the timberline in the western Qinling Mountains, China. Herein February–July mean temperature was reconstructed for Zhouqu in the western Qinling Mountains back to AD 1650 based on the standard chronology. The climate/tree-growth model accounts for 43.5% of the instrumental temperature variance during the period 1972–2006. Spatial correlation analyses with the gridded temperature data shows that the temperature reconstruction captures regional climatic variations over central and southeast China, and strong teleconnections with the nearby High Asia. There is a good agreement with cold and warm periods previously estimated from tree-rings in Nepal, India and southwest China. The temperature re-construction indicates that there was pronounced cooling in Zhouqu during the Maunder Minimum (late 1600s to early 1700s). The cold period (1813–1827) of the temperature reconstruction coincide with the volcanic eruptions. Significant spectral peaks are found at 56.9, 22.3, 11.4, 2.9, 2.8, 2.6, 2.2 and 2.0 years. The spatial correlation patterns between our temperature reconstruction and SSTs of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans suggest a connection between regional temperature variations and the atmospheric circulations. It is thus revealed that the chronology has enough potential to reconstruct the climatic variability further into the past.     

国史研究与地方志的编纂

国史研究与新编地方志关系紧密,了解国史研究的发展态势和研究取向,对于地方志编纂的理论和实践都具有启发和借鉴意义。“眼光向下”、科际整合、口述资料的搜集与整理是当代社会史研究的基本范式,也是提升地方志品质不可或缺的编纂理念。